Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. Abstract. 2021. E-mail address: vida_panitch@carleton.ca. Although some authors in research ethics have questioned the usefulness of exploitation discourse, 4 recent works have shed new light on the meaning of exploitation in clinical research, and several common misconceptions have been identified and dispelled. Like exploitation, 'over-research' seems to reflect concerns about interactional processes between researchers and communities and about how participants and communities are treated prior to . Alan Wertheimer. These included perceptions of general research exploitation in the parent study, treatment-related exploitation, and opinions about prisoner access to clinical research. 20092022 Bioethics Research Library Box 571212 Washington DC 20057-1212 202.687.3885 This work argues that sponsors, funders, investigators, and IRBs must be cognizant of the impact of inadequate payment on clinical trial inclusion of historically understudied groups and addresses practical and fair payment strategies to advance inclusion. The main concern fuelling the debate about the ethics of international health research has been the potential for exploitation of research subjects in developing countries by researchers from . The challenges for healthcare professionals concerned about health at a global level are greater than ever before. Abstract and Figures. "Geographical randomization" and "social exploitation" in clinical research: world trials in . These reflections should . . Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. The most well known example of medical exploitation of Black Americans happened from 1932 until 1973. Firstly, it is sometimes articulated that companies can displace clinical protocols between countries quite easily (what I propose to call "geographical randomization"). Indeed, some bioethicists have argued that the principle of non-exploitation is a rationaleeven the underlying rationalefor many of the oft-mentioned principles of ethical research such as social value, scientific validity, informed consent, fair participant . Avoiding Exploitation in Clinical Research - Volume 9 Issue 4. Avoiding Exploitation in Phase I Clinical Trials: More than (Un)Just Compensation - Volume 46 Issue 1 Because there is a high incidence of noncontagious disease in the elderly, they are the group most useful for the study of new therapeutic agents or procedures. the good of others, clinical research has the potential for exploitation of human subjects." "Ethical requirements for clinical research aim to minimize the possibility of exploitation by ensuring that research subjects are not merely used but are treated with respect while they contribute to the social good." Bodies for Sale: Ethics and Exploitation in the Human Body Trade explores the philosophical and practical issues raised by activities such as surrogacy and organ trafficking. Equipose and . Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. Participation in human experimental research constitutes a major problem for the geriatric subject. Abstract. By the 1970s, the composite shadow cast In another random sample of healthy volunteers in Phase I trials, 86% of participants reported making less than $50,000 a year and 46% reported earning less than $25,000. However, the wage payment model may not avoid the problem of exploitation in research if it sets wages for research subjects at a level well below the market rate. aw355w@nih.gov. 64 Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare Volume 19 Number 1 2010 Review Innovative Proven Clinical-Research Strategies for Participant Recruitment and Retention Shao Chuen Tong1, MHA, BSc (Biomedical engineering), Aung Soe Tin1, MMedSc Public Health (Myanmar), MMed Public Health (Singapore), Jeremy Fung Yen Lim2, MPH, MRCS (edin), Wai Leng Chow1, MBBS (Singapore), GDFM (Singapore) Ethics and Exploitation: Conducting Clinical Trials in Developing Countries. The intense interest in HIV/AIDS research and recent controversies about revisions to the Helsinki Declaration, which have been seen by some to be motivated by the desire to facilitate exploitative research in " developing" countries, have stimulated renewed interest in the ethics of clinical research. Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. OffShoring Clinical Research: Exploitation and the Reciprocity Constraint. Clinical research has become a burgeoning activity in recent years, largely stimulated . Health & Place, 2011. 2016 May;81(5) :857-64. doi . Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. The economically disadvantaged are thought of as "vulnerable" [corrected] to exploitation, impaired . This perception has led to the widespread exclusion . interviewed . Althoughexploitation is prima facie wrongful,some exploitative research studies are morallyjustified, all things considered. Department of Philosophy, Carleton University, 3A55 Paterson Hall, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Canada. Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. Concerns about exploiting the poor or economically disadvantaged in clinical research are widespread in the bioethics community. Until trauma can be healed, the exploitation is never really over. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Vida Panitch. Participants were asked to rate the extent of agreement with each statement on a 7-point Likert scale (1=totally disagree, 2=mostly disagree, 3=somewhat disagree, 4=neutral, 5 . Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. Clinical trials carried out in Africa in the 1990s on short-course zidovudine treatments for reducing rates of maternal to infant transmission of HIV are a classic example ( Annas and Grodin 1998 . A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants who are poor . 10,12,18 Corbie-Smith et al. Suppose, for example, that the wage is set at $10.00 per hour . Senior Research Fellow. When these individuals participate in research, they are at increased risk of being exposed to the risks and burdens of clinical trials without realizing the benefits that result The potential exploitation of research participants in high income countries who lack access to health care Br J Clin Pharmacol. 5 However, more conceptual clarification is needed. Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. Perspectives of seventy prisoners . " The overarching objective of clinical research is to develop generalizable understanding of human biology ; subjects who participate are the means to securing such knowledge. Bioethics; Clinical trials; Exploitation Introduction The 20th century's long saga of exploited research subjects brought us to the apogee of scholarly backlash in the biomedical ethics literature by the end of that century. Alan Wertheimer, Alan Wertheimer. Y1 - 2016. 1. DSMBs analyze the data from clinical trials to understand whether these trials have statistically significant risks. Footnote 2 The risk of suffering may arise from an increased risk of harm (for example, because of a dangerous situation), or from a decreased capacity to protect oneself from harm (for example, because of impaired cognition), or from both. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Clinical Bioethics Department, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10 - Magnuson CC, Room 1C118, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1156, USA. A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants . Exploitation, Justice, and Parity in International Clinical Research. Exploitation and Developing Countries is an attempt by philosophers and bioethicists to reflect on the meaning of exploitation, to ask whether and when clinical research in developing countries counts as exploitative, and to consider what can be done to minimize the possibility of exploitation in such circumstances. . A minority of participants agreed with statements suggestive of potential exploitation. Agomoni Ganguli Mitra - 2013 - Developing World Bioethics 13 (3):111-118. "Geographical randomization" and "Social exploitation" in clinical research: World trials in Santiago, Chile. N2 - Pregnant women and their foetuses have long been regarded as vulnerable, where being vulnerable indicates a likelihood of suffering harm. There are also degrees ofexploitation, ranging from highly exploitationto minimally exploitation. When is clinical research in developing countries exploitation? By placing some people at risk of harm for the good of others, clinical research has the potential for exploitation of human subjects." AU - Rogers, Wendy A. PY - 2016. . . Exploitation and Developing Countries, edited by Jennifer Hawkins and Ezekiel Emanuel, is an outstanding contribution to the literatures on exploitation and on the ethics of clinical trials in developing countries.The book comprises an introduction and nine chapters with contributions from six distinguished authors in addition to the editors. are distrustful of medical research because of a history of exploitation. According to Fisher, Phase I clinical trials can pay volunteers well, especially for more invasive studies, with compensation ranging from $25 to over $10,000 for longer term . TLDR. Perspectives of seventy prisoners who were enrolled in one of six different clinical studies were analyzed. A woman in sub-Saharan Africa is part of a cutting-edge HIV clinical trial but she can't afford a bus ticket to her health clinic, let alone the life-savin. Search for more papers by this author. Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. The reasonan exploitative study can still be ethical . The concept of exploitation has also come to play an especially important role in discourse about the ethics of clinical research. Minority participation in clinical trials is an important topic in public health discussions because this representation touches on issues of equality and the elimination of disparities, which are core values of the field. A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants . Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants who are poor . Search for more papers by this author. The exclusion of prisoners from clinical research is often deemed necessary to guarantee their protection from such abuse and exploitation. T1 - Pregnancy, vulnerability, and the risk of exploitation in clinical research. Edison Bicudo . This essay analyzesexploitation in biomedical research in terms ofthree basic elements: harm, disrespect, orinjustice. "Geographical randomization" and "Social exploitation" in clinical research: World trials in Santiago, Chile . Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. In clinical research , all participants are vulnerable to harms such as serious side-effects . 20092022 Bioethics Research Library Box 571212 Washington DC 20057-1212 202.687.3885 Avoidance of exploitation in clinical research is a major challenge in a glob-alizing world in which disparities in wealth, health, and disease have reached grotesque proportions. A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants who are poor . The recent This paper discusses findings of a study examining whether prisoners view their participation in clinical research studies as exploitative. A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants . When is clinical research in developing countries exploitation? Each year approximately 900 new clinical trials are approved in Canada alone, emphasizing the immense focus and investment of healthcare funding towards the . In today's topic, the history of mistrust and exploitation that has led to low participation from people of color in clinical trials is explored. AU - Ballantyne, Angela. Stephen Wilkinson asks what is it that makes some commercial uses of the body controversial, whether the arguments . For some, any research that involves economically disadvantaged individuals is de facto ethically problematic. When is clinical research in developing countries exploitation? In the discussion of global clinical trials, two ideas are frequently advanced. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. Download Bodies for Sale Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle. Exploitation in Health Care. Clinical research has become a burgeoning activity in recent years, largely stimulated by the pharmaceutical industry's interest in new drugs with high marketing profiles. Clinical trials are a necessary stepping stone for the development of safe and effective therapeutic agents. However, normal aging processes, often coupled with disease of the central . Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. This paper discusses findings of a study examining whether prisoners view their participation in clinical research studies as exploitative. Vulnerability refers to the capacity to suffer or be harmed. However, in this article, we argue that the right to science, which encompasses the right to access the benefits of science and research participation, is an emerging human right that is applicable to .
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