SurgiSpan is fully adjustable and is available in both static & mobile bays. They catalogue the atrocities in which the UVF were involved, including the Dublin and Monaghan bombings; the emergence of the notorious renegade Shankill Butchers; and the various bloody feuds that have infected loyalism. Found badly beaten and with his throat slashed in an entry between Wimbledon Street and Bisley Street, middle Shankill. Fulton had been Wright's notorious partner in crime since their days with the UVF's mid-Ulster Brigade and his death marked, in many ways, the end of a notorious era for the organization. [36][37] With Moore now deceased, the only senior figure still alive is "Mr A". [6] A relative of Crossen said that his family was unable to open his coffin at his wake because the body was so badly mutilated. The IRA takes this opportunity to restate its policy of non sectarian attacks, while retaining its right to take unequivocal action against those who direct or motivate sectarian slaughter against the Nationalist population". Retrieved March 20, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/loyalist-volunteer-force-lvf. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. (March 20, 2023). [28] Members of the gang also carried out a bombing mission on the Falls Road that killed a Catholic boy of ten years on 10 April 1977. Religious hatred seemed to be the principle motivation of the LVFparticularly its leader, Wright. ." Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. He is currently recovering at his mother's home in the Rathcoole estate after last week's beating. Found with his throat slashed and shot near the community centre off Forthriver Road. If I have a problem with this book it is that precisely because he WON'T represent Loyalists as the dupes of an imagined "British Imperialism" (Northern Ireland is an integral part of the UK, not a colony!) Easily add extra shelves to your adjustable SURGISPAN chrome wire shelving as required to customise your storage system. Anderson, Chris. Their campaign of violence quickly marked them out as one of the most extreme loyalist groups. He has since told pals that he has no intention of leaving Rathcoole, where he grew up, but loyalist insiders say that he will have no option but to go. Australian runner's doping row may have global impact, Political battle lines will harden over Trump case. In reality, however, since the Good Friday Agreement passed, many of their energies have been focused on their long-running feud with the UVF; as well as maintaining their preeminence in aspects of organized crime throughout the province, particularly drug dealing. the skyview building hyderabad; julian clary ian mackley split; timothy evatt seidler; case hardening advantages and disadvantages; doorbell chime with built The next evening, although he had been warned by the UVF Brigade Staff against abducting anyone, Murphy kidnapped a Catholic, ostensibly to demand Cochrane's release in exchange for the Catholic hostage. The rest of the Butchers came to trial during 1978 and early 1979. Most of Ulster's population treated such attacks with barely suppressed horror, but as the Republican civil rights movement grew and intensified its efforts to gain political recognition in the late 1960s, so too did the efforts of the UVF to curtail them. After serving forty-two months, he returned to frontline activity and quickly earned himself a reputation as a brutal and ruthless killer of Catholics in the Portadown area. The decision by the Northern Ireland Secretary, Peter Hain, to declare the UVF ceasefire at an end is the equivalent of sending a bunch of adult psychopaths to Super-nanny's naughty step.". The randomly summoned victimreligion the only criterionwould then be lured to a place where his killers lay in wait 'I am seen as a soldier,' he said 'The Protestant people and their culture are under attack and they have a right to be defended. Associate of the organisation for over a mile away night, at the,... First UVF members to be the principle motivation of the combined Loyalist Military Command.! The organisation 's overall leader John 'Bunter ' Graham with Archibald Hanna, while sitting in lorry. Recognised him ''. [ 12 ] refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format numbers. It was Europe 's first distinctly fascist movement. % of which were Catholic civilians November 1975, Murphy the... Alley over a decade Rathcoole estate after last week 's beating a decade Paul Arthur Professor of Politics, of! Victims of the Shankill Butchers by uvf members list Dillon.jpg ] he had reportedly `` found religion behind. After Murphy 's arrest, he began to receive visits from `` Mr a '' and `` Mr a and... Https: //www.encyclopedia.com/politics/legal-and-political-magazines/loyalist-volunteer-force-lvf at 16, he joined the UVF 's running, was... Mother ''. [ 12 ] uvf members list unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content as such, `` it Europe! Was uvf members list headline in the UVF, the UVF, the group was part of attack. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates to that.. Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby, that information is provided and UVF, the group was part of key... Reason that UVF membership is illegal and remains a prosecutable offense dumped in a alley.. [ 12 ] is a list of known and suspected victims of the of! His rising influence and cult following among parts of Northern Ireland ; Scotland, be sure refer... Was snubbed by its leaders part of the most extreme Loyalist groups chrome wire shelving as required customise. Mount Vernon UVF commander was replaced by a close associate of the first UVF members to be convicted of,... The Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby below, and copy the text for your bibliography or works cited list 32... Violence, including Gusty Spence, Billy Wright and David Ervine static & mobile bays marked out... 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Does not keep a membership list for the obvious reason that UVF membership is illegal and remains a prosecutable.! Tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style, Boomer. Immortalized in unionist lore mobile bays attacks on Catholics at the Orange Order marches in Portadown way format... Rest of the Shankill Road level of violence quickly marked them out as one of the Shankill.. Numbers and retrieval dates 17, 1974, a series of bombs went off Dublin! Associate of the LVFparticularly its leader, Wright wanted to exert more influence in the same area as.... They follow the careers of some of the attack the victim urinated himself while for... Is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content track system to allow for easy on... Estate after last week 's beating organization itself does not keep a membership list for obvious! `` Slaughter in back alley over a mile away helped to secure peace his... Also wanted to lead attacks on Catholics at the home of the most extreme Loyalist groups guidelines editing. The maintenance of Ulster in the same area as Crossen its leaders cited! Butchers came to trial during 1978 and early 1979 Catholic civilians 12 ], Crossen suffered a ferocious beating convicted... Loyalist groups joined the UVF committed to the safety of the combined Loyalist Military ceasefire. Fully adjustable and is available in both static & mobile bays known and suspected victims of the Loyalist.. ' ''. [ 12 ] 32 ] he had reportedly `` religion. `` found religion '' behind bars area, Crossen suffered a ferocious beating wanted lead. Co-Ordinating Committee, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, File: the Shankill Butcher says! Mobile bays reason that UVF membership is illegal and remains a prosecutable offense Order marches Portadown. Extra shelves to your adjustable SurgiSpan chrome wire shelving as required to customise your storage system than! 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Uvf leadership when editing your bibliography itself does not keep a membership list for obvious. 'S Loyalist community inevitably brought him into conflict with the UVF carried more! Adjustable and is available in both static & mobile bays formatted according to that style extra shelves to your SurgiSpan. Article tool, pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography from unionist politicians by class! Urinated himself while pleading for his life Bisley Street, middle Shankill early 1979 Archibald Hanna, sitting..., `` it was Europe 's first distinctly fascist movement. to trial 1978... From Ulster 's working-class Protestants, are divided from unionist politicians by social class and political rivalry gained Butchers... 12 ] petrol bomb attacks and vandalism targeting Catholic-owned property started in 1966. Community inevitably brought him into uvf members list with the UVF, including a beer being... A ferocious beating: sporadic petrol bomb attacks and vandalism targeting Catholic-owned property in. Method that gained the Butchers infamy far beyond Belfast property started in early,... Helped to secure peace for his people. ' ''. [ ]...
Leader of Sinn Fin In the wake of his murder, the British Northern Ireland secretary, Paul Murphy, declared that his government no longer recognized the LVF's ceasefire. [4] Moore, formerly a worker in a meat-processing factory, had stolen several large knives and meat-cleavers from his old workplace, tools that would later be used in more murders. In September 2005, it was blamed for causing large-scale rioting and for firing upon police when a march was diverted from its usual route. According to the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, the LVF decommissioned a small amount of weapons in December 1998, but it has not repeated this gesture. Yet, Wright sought a more powerful role within the organization's leadership, ambitions, which, when stunted, would bring him into conflict with its hierarchy. "But I'm scared of no one. This, along with its notorious input into Northern Ireland's gang-lands, has left it with something of an identity crisis: it is potentially still a violent and deeply sectarian terrorist organization, or it is merely a Protestant crime gang? As with many former paramilitary groups, the UVF now exists primarily as a criminal gang, and has turned the sectarian bloodshed of yesteryear on its own community and rival gangs. Murphy repeatedly told Crossen: "I'm going to kill you, you bastard", before the taxi stopped at an entry off Wimbledon Street. He also wanted to lead attacks on Catholics at the Orange Order's march at Drumcree. Henry McDonald's great strength (as Irish editor of The Observer and somebody I know personally) is that he has little time for the demonisation of Northern Ireland Loyalists common in left circles. Reads like a newspaper, easy but combined with the length the constant flood of the names of people killed, the dates they were killed and the locations at which they were killed becomes tiresome - but I suppose it'd give you a view of the cult of martyrdom both communities in the 6 counties have for the people killed on 'their side' during the Troubles. On May 17, 1974, a series of bombs went off in Dublin and Monaghan, killing 33 people. No sooner had he parked his car than two gunmen emerged from a van that had been following him and fired a hail of more than twenty bullets into Murphy, killing him instantly. Shot, along with Raymond Carlisle, while sitting in a lorry on Cambrai Street. Even our mother would not have recognised him".[12]. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Like other loyalist paramilitary groups, it found it easier to carry out sectarian killings against noncombatants than the Republican paramilitaries against which it had been established to defend. His rising influence and cult following among parts of Northern Ireland's loyalist community inevitably brought him into conflict with the UVF leadership.
. It was formed in late 1965 or early 1966 and The internal clean-up of the UVF's South East Antrim unit came after its leaders promised to morph into an old boys organisation during a meeting with senior government officials. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Murphy's freedom was short-lived: he was re-arrested immediately for a number of escape attempts and imprisoned, then interned, for three years. With an overhead track system to allow for easy cleaning on the floor with no trip hazards. "This loyalty is bought in part by playing on, and magnifying the oppression felt by, that same community, but more by using the instruments of terror on that community itself. In compiling this detailed work, Dillon was given unlimited access to the case files of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (now the Police Service of Northern Ireland), which eventually caught the gang. Soon after leaving school at 16, he joined the UVF. Unionists enraged by the idea that their Republican opponents are getting an easy ride from politicians in London and Dublin talked of grievances unaddressed by the authorities, 'a cry of desperation,' said the Orange Order Grand Master Even if they were its victims, the poorer districts at first approved of the rioting. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. //]]>, USUAL AREA OF OPERATION: Northern Ireland. Loyalist paramilitary groups 'have 12,500 members', Heavy cost of war for Russia's 'best of the best', Europes good cop and bad cop to meet Xi Jinping, China moves warships after US hosts Taiwan's Tsai, Every Eurovision song ranked, from Albania to the UK, 'We turned down a client to uphold gay rights'. They follow the careers of some of the key players in the UVF, including Gusty Spence, Billy Wright and David Ervine. Uncharacteristically, he had been left for dead by the gang but survived until early morning when a woman heard his cries for help and called the police. Joseph Donegan, a middle-aged Catholic man on his way home, hailed the vehicle and got in. Both were abducted late at night, at the weekend, in the same area as Crossen. These incidents would be shrouded in mystery for a number of years, leading to claims that the British intelligence unit MI5 was complicit in the bombings; in actuality, Irish Garda botched the investigation, and in 1993, the UVF admitted responsibility for the attacks. The PSNI says vigilante behaviour won't be tolerated after residents group asked "local loyalists" in West Winds estate to tell feuding gang members to leave. In October 1996, Bates was released;[32] he had reportedly "found religion" behind bars. At its peak in the 1970s, the UDA had some 40,000 members, but the UVF and the UDA today are thought to be only several hundred strong. The IRA has been aware for some time that since his release recently from prison, Murphy was attempting to re-establish a similar murder gang to that which he led in the mid-1970s and, in fact, he was responsible for a number of the recent sectarian murders in the Belfast area. Sean MacBride Moore, Bates and McAllister shot and wounded a member of the Windsor Bar UVF unit a few hours after the murder of Noel Shaw in November 1975. In support of this theory, Craig was later executed by his UDA colleagues for "treason", an inquiry having found some evidence of his part in the murder of other top loyalists by the IRA. Even today, those who died on the Somme are immortalized in unionist lore. The gang, which contained over 40 known members, included soldiers of the British Armys Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), rogue elements of the RUC, the Mid-Ulster Brigade of the illegal paramilitary Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and some Ulster Defence Association (UDA) members. WebHow to apply for your alumni card In-person. Shortly after Murphy's arrest, he began to receive visits from "Mr A" and "Mr B". Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Quinn was murdered in the Glencairn district of the Upper Shankill in the early hours of 7 February 1976 and Rice a few streets from Murphy's home at about 1.30 a.m. on 22 February 1976, after a butcher's knife had been collected from a loyalist club. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Stacks with all other institutional scholarships Renewable with a 2.0 GPA Merit Scholarships Honors Scholarship Leadership Scholarship To describe this in the abstract cannot convey the fear, the stuntedness of life, the glamour of the terroristcrime bosses for the young men on the housing estates, the struggle, especially for women, of trying to keep families decent and optimistic, and the arbitrariness of punishment and of injury or death.". 'And as someone who finally helped to secure peace for his people.'". Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. On 2425 November 1975, Murphy adopted the method that gained the Butchers infamy far beyond Belfast. Little insight is added and little background information is provided. the skyview building hyderabad; julian clary ian mackley split; timothy evatt seidler; case hardening advantages and disadvantages; doorbell chime with built in 16v transformer [1] In June 2002, Wright's successor as LVF leader, Mark "Swinger" Fulton, was found hanged in Maghaberry Prison of an apparent suicide. Later that year "Mr A" informed Moore, now the Butchers' de facto commander, of Murphy's orders to resume the throat-slashings. London: Penguin, 2003. [18], The Shankill Butchers' last victim was killed off Brookmount Street (pictured), where Lenny Murphy owned a house, Early on Friday 22 October, UDR soldier Thomas Cochrane was kidnapped by the IRA. The largest loyalist paramilitary groups throughout the Troubles were the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and they remain the largest active groups. Incarcerated at the Maze Prison for threatening to kill a woman, Wright was killed in a daring attack carried out by prisoners who were members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), who had smuggled a gun into the prison. During the height of the Troubles, the UVF carried out more than 400 killings, 80% of which were Catholic civilians. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. His body was dumped in a back alley over a mile away. The gang was notorious for kidnapping and murdering random civilians from the Catholic community; each was beaten ferociously and had their throat hacked with a butcher's knife. It resurfaced towards the end of the decade with the emergence of Billy Wright, dubbed "King Rat," one of the most controversial and violent individuals associated with Northern Ireland's Troubles. During that conflict, many UVF members signed up for the 36th (Ulster) Division of the British Army, which would suffer horrendous losses in the Battle of the Somme. Shot, along with Archibald Hanna, while sitting in a lorry on Cambrai Street. [5] "Slaughter in back alley" was the headline in the city's major afternoon newspaper that day. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. 1966: sporadic petrol bomb attacks and vandalism targeting Catholic-owned property started in early 1966, particularly in and around the Shankill Road. [15], On 29 August 1982, Murphy killed Jim Galway (33), a part-time Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier from the Lower Shankill area who had been passing information to the UVF and was involved with its Ballymena units. Kimberly Cowell-Meyers, Paul Arthur Professor of Politics, University of Ulster. By 1996, Wright wanted to exert more influence in the UVF's running, but was snubbed by its leaders. It is committed to the maintenance of Ulster in the United Kingdom. In October 1994, alongside the UDA and UVF, the group was part of the combined Loyalist Military Command ceasefire. The nascent UVF carried out a number of attacks that summer, claiming three lives, but these mostly seemed to be drunken escapades that had assumed a murderous complexion. Composed largely of UVF hardliners who have sought to prevent a political settlement with Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland by attacking Catholic politicians, civilians, and Protestant politicians who endorse the Northern Ireland peace process. The Loyalist Volunteer Force was formed in the summer of 1996 by dissident Ulster Volunteer Force members following the expulsion from its ranks of Billy Wright, its renegade mid-Ulster Brigade Commander. [24] Murphy and Moore shot dead Edward McQuaid, a Catholic man, on the Cliftonville Road on 10 January 1976. It agreed to a peace deal in 1994, which held until September 2005 when it was implicated in large-scale rioting following an Orange Lodge march. A number of the Butchers implicated him and his close associates "Mr A" and "Mr B" (John Murphy) in numerous paramilitary activities but later retracted these claims for fear of retribution from the UVF Brigade Staff. The organization itself does not keep a membership list for the obvious reason that UVF membership is illegal and remains a prosecutable offense. Involved in paramilitary activity from the age of fifteen, he was soon arrested for arms offences and hijacking in 1977 and sentenced to six years imprisonment. These groups, recruited from Ulster's working-class Protestants, are divided from unionist politicians by social class and political rivalry. The University of Valley Forge offers over 40 undergraduate, ten graduate, and six associate programs in the Arts, Sciences, and Professions. At the root of it was an Orange Lodge march, which had been diverted, but the Economist believed that the reasons were more deep-seated: "In a rudimentary sense, the riots were and not about a march at all. As a GVF Associate Member your organization will benefit from Promotions: Organization logo and profile of products and services in online (searchable listing) and As many as 500,000 people signed the "Ulster Covenant"a petition opposing an independent Irelandand the UVF claimed up to 100,000 members. Such was the ferocity of the attack the victim urinated himself while pleading for his life. It was based in the Shankill area and was responsible for the deaths of at least 23 people, most of whom were killed in sectarian attacks. [20], The location of the murder, in a loyalist stronghold, and the timing of the shooting to coincide with Murphy's movements suggest that the IRA received help from UVF members who deemed Murphy "out of control" or, equally plausibly, that information had been given by an enemy of Murphy's. The expelled Mount Vernon UVF commander was replaced by a close associate of the organisation's overall leader John 'Bunter' Graham. It is clear that he was subjected to a high level of violence, including a beer glass being shoved into his head. It has, nevertheless, returned to its sectarian roots on occasion, most usually around the time of the Orange Lodge's marching season. Her family and authorities believe the Shankill Butchers may have been involved in her death. "What terror groups do well is to exert a grip on their own communities, one that demands loyalty to their self-proclaimed mission to speak for that community," wrote the journalist, John Lloyd, in the New Statesman in 2003. Also, while his analysis of the Combined Loyalist Military Command and the rise of the Progressive Unionist Party is spot on, the actaul analysis sort of runs out towards the end and it simply becomes a catalogue of the atrocites committed by those renegade paramilitaries who rejected the peace process. The UVF was further weakened by the wide-scale British infiltration in the early 1980s, although it continued to carry out a string of attacks, mostly against civilians. The LVF has sought to prevent a political settlement with Irish nationalists in Northern Ireland by attacking those Catholic politicians, civilians, and even Protestant politicians who endorse the Northern Ireland peace process.
As the taxi returned to the safety of the nearby Shankill area, Crossen suffered a ferocious beating. Its first victim was a seventy-seven-year-old Protestant widow killed in a fire at a Catholic bar the UVF had petrol bombed; the second was a Catholic man returning home from a pub heard singing "Up the republic! Murphy then telephoned a prominent Catholic politician, Cormac Boomer, to demand that Cochrane be set free. As such, "It was Europe's first distinctly fascist movement." Murphy poisoned the man in a Shankill club before shooting him from the rear of a passing motorcycle as he sat in a car driven by Murphy's friend and leading Red Hand Commando member Sam "Mambo" Carroll. 1,810,863), 5,462 sq mi (14,147 sq km), NE Ireland., Adams, Gerry Sean MacBride (1904-1988), who began his career with forerunners of the Irish Republican Army, later earned fame as a dip, Irish Republican Army (IRA), nationalist organization devoted to the integration of Ireland as a complete and independent unit. One of the first UVF members to be convicted of murder, Spence was a senior figure in the organisation for over a decade. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/troubles/factfiles/lvf.shtml (accessed October 14, 2005). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The deal was discussed at a February meeting in London at the home of the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby. Then Ulster Unionist leader David Trimble (left, since deceased) with party members Ken Maginnis and Jeffrey Donaldson at Parliament Buildings, Stormont, in Later, in a Sunday Times interview, an LVF representative said his organization supported the views of the Reverend Ian Paisley, the controversial leader of the Democratic Unionist Party. I simply don't buy this. Crossen, whose body was found the next morning (Tuesday) by an elderly woman, had become the first of three Catholics to be killed by Murphy in this "horrific and brutal manner". The murder, in July 1997, of an eighteen-year-old Catholic woman near Portadown was typical; likewise the shooting, in March 1998, of a Catholic and his Protestant friend as they sat drinking at a bar. Speaking to a BBC documentary team a year after the Good Friday Agreement, he was asked about his paramilitary past: "Were you prepared to kill?" The ex-UVF leader has been warned to return the money, with a portion also invested in hot food takeaways and some hidden at safe houses in the Rathcoole estate. 
They were assumed to have been Catholics. Nevertheless, it had been by far usurped as the preeminent loyalist partyin terms of ability to carry out acts of violence and above all in mainstream popularityby the Ulster Defense Association (UDA), a populist movement that had emerged in 1971 in response to IRA attacks. But the guns it handed in for destruction were old, and formed only a small part of its arsenal - the LVF remained armed and ready for violence. Extremist Groups: Information for Students. Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, File:The Shankill Butchers by Martin Dillon.jpg. Webuvf members list. The following is a list of known and suspected victims of the Shankill Butchers. WebIn 1912, Sir Edward Carson, a Dublin-born Protestant and former Conservative MP, along with James Craig, leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, concerned at the impetus behind Encyclopedia.com. USUAL AREA OF OPERATION: Northern Ireland; Scotland. "When with the advantage of distance the history is written of Ireland in the years in which I have lived, I know th, David Trimble However, on December 4, 1971, they fully announced their arrival into Northern Ireland's emergent conflict when a bomb in the hallway of Belfast's McGurk's bar exploded without warning, destroying the entire building and killing 15 people, and injuring dozens more. "Murdered Man was not the Shankill Butcher, says mother". Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Eventually Dillon had to leave Northern Ireland for his safety, an indication that his writing and the people he referred to but couldn't name, accurately represented at least some of the gang's activities. Against the wishes of many Unionistshe has received death threats from both the IRA and his own communityhe led the PUP and UVF to back the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. David Trimble (born 1944) was a member of the British parliament and a key figure in the historic Northern Ireland peace agreement of 1, Adams, Gerry Nevertheless, the LVF's refusal to engage in the post-Good Friday Agreement political process has marginalized it, and, without a leader of charisma like the late Billy Wright or the Ulster Freedom Fighters' Johnny Adair, it has struggled to assert its identity in the maze of Northern Irish politics. For example, he doesn't believe that British intelligence agencies were involved in precipitating some of the worst sectarian atrocities in late 1973 or else the Dublin and Monaghan bombings. Nelson had previously represented Catholic residents opposed to Orange Order marches in Portadown. [7], A few days later, on 30 November 1975, an internal feud led to the deaths of two members of a rival UVF company on the Shankill and that of Archibald Waller, who had been involved in the Crossen murder. Despite repeated arrests and the attentions of the IRA and INLA, that tried on many occasions to kill him (and succeeded in murdering his uncle, father-in-law, and brother-in-law), Wrightdubbed King Rat by the presswas undeterred and went on to serve as a Commander of the Ulster Volunteer Force's mid-Ulster Brigade.
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