White lesions such as linea alba, leukoedema, and frictional keratosis are common in the oral cavity but have no propensity for malignant transformation. /ExtGState << A frictional keratosis lesion may be elevated from the surface, and patients may find that they develop the habit of nibbling further at these thickened mucosal sites. In: Pathology of the Mouse (Maronpot RR, ed). Other substances that can produce a lichenoid reaction when applied topically are the essential oils and other flavorings (such as cinnamon) contained in toothpastes and mouthwashes.15. Examination reveals hyperchromatic and pleomorphic tumor cells that have invaded the basement membrane of the epidermis and show various degrees of mitotic activity. The white areas remain asymptomatic. 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Hyperkeratosis (thickening of the outer keratin layers), parakeratosis (persistence of pyknotic nuclei in the outer epithelial layer), acanthosis (enlargement or edema of the spinous layer of the skin), and dyskeratosis may be seen. /MarkInfo << /Subtype /Type1 Frictional keratosis is common along the occlusal line, on edentulous alveolar ridges and the lateral tongue. 19(2):99-103. Microscopic examination reveals acanthotic epithelial nodules with lymphoid hyperplasia. It shows rough and frayed surface and upon removal of the offending agent, the lesion resolves in 2 weeks. In some individuals who repeatedly traumatize the tissues, tenderness, swelling, and a burning sensation may be presenting symptoms. stream
Give prednisone to patients with the erosive form of lichen planus to promote reepithelialization of the denuded area. Oral Dis. This wider area of roughened mucosa is typical of those produced by the habit of cheek biting or nibbling. Hyperkeratosis (thickening of the stratum corneum) occurs in two forms: orthokeratotic ( Figure 1 and Figure 2) or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis. Differential diagnosis of oral soft tissue lesions. 
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>> /Im2 20 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Biopsy is diagnostic. >> Cam K, Santoro A, Lee JB. /GS18 26 0 R
While any drug can cause this reaction, it is more common with certain medications, including11: The lesions disappear when the medication is discontinued. Here I focus on white lesions (Table 1). A thicker patch of mucosa is at the anterior end (under the tongue blade edge). 2 [124 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R Ask particularly about the use of prescription and over-the-counter medications. /RoleMap 8 0 R Many kids and older ones are having Seborrheic keratosis is one of the most common skin conditions on earth today. /Image15 19 0 R Hyperkeratotic lesions, although very common in the forestomach, are rare on the tongue in NTP studies. /Width 48 WebPremalignant changes arising in other oral lesions are uncommon. Hairy leukoplakia is asymptomatic and benign. 611 0 434 457 390 627] endobj Hyperkeratotic lesions, although very common in the forestomach, are rare on the tongue in NTP studies. In Seborrheic keratosis is a very common skin condition. Cancer Center. >> [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Be sure that any frictional irritant is removed. Angular cheilosis. /LastChar 122 /Pages 2 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 480 557 461 567 479 >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Reexamine all patients with lichen planus periodically, since there is risk of transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. Jeff Burgess, DDS, MSD (Retired) Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington School of Dental Medicine; (Retired) Attending in Pain Center, University of Washington Medical Center; (Retired) Private Practice in Hawaii and Washington; Director, Oral Care Research AssociatesDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. /Widths [239 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. Occasionally, SLE presents as a white plaque in the oral cavity, especially on the buccal mucosa. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 2002 Jan-Feb. 7(1):4-9, 10-6. In most cases, oral frictional keratosis appears as a thin line that is white in color across the cheek opposite the meeting point of the teeth. 4 0 obj 10(2):114-5. Frictional keratosis is among the many different keratosis conditions. /Type /Font
[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Apart from altering the beauty of the mouth, this white patch has no problems associated with it. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 endobj A frictional keratosis lesion may be elevated from the surface, and patients may find that they develop the habit of nibbling further at these thickened mucosal sites.
2014 Sep. 6 (3):162-7. When this is done, the lesion takes less time to disappear completely. Waldron CA, Shafer WG. We have two ways of treating thrush: topically and systemically. 500 0 500 500 0 0 278 278 0 0 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Anterior rough surface area at the occlusal plane of the teeth. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. It occurs as a white patch in the mouth. Here I focus on white lesions (. WebPremalignant changes arising in other oral lesions are uncommon. /FirstChar 32 The most important management protocol includes the following: Establish a diagnosis. It depends on the person. In rare cases, it is totally submucosal, occurring at such sites as the tonsil and the base of the tongue. The Lyda Hill Cancer Prevention Center provides cancer risk assessment, screening and diagnostic services. This habit most probably led to the biting of the cheek mucosa. /Length 31 The updates and recommendations by the CDC and several organizations include the addition of the COVID-19 vaccine for pediatric patients and a new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. These white patches are associated with either a conscious or an unconscious chronic oral habit. Lip-bite keratosis is caused by frequent involuntary biting of ones lips. 19 0 obj The removal of the irritant causing agent should be done in the early stages of the frictional keratosis to achieve a fast and effective cure. 523 0 0 0 0 0 286 0 0 0 The reticular form of lichen planus is most common and typically appears as a network of white bands (Wickhams striae) that occur bilaterally on the buccal mucosa (Figure 3). /K [39 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 97 0 R 203 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R ;YO"BA?` Slight variations in the clinical presentation are directly related to the nature and the source of the physical trauma.
[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. /Height 64 In the more differentiated lesions, keratin pearls are seen. << As part of our mission to eliminate cancer, MD Anderson researchers conduct hundreds of clinical trials to test new treatments for both common and rare cancers. Despite the fact that frictional keratoses may be painful and sometimes chronic, they are not precancerous. Oral frictional hyperkeratosis is a benign white lesion of the oral mucosa that is caused by chronic trauma to the site. WebPremalignant changes arising in other oral lesions are uncommon. It demonstrates intraepithelial lacunae, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and cell-within-a-cell dyskeratosis. Histologic examination reveals hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and koilocytes. It could also arise from excess deposit of keratin due to a process called hyperkeratinization. /Group << /Group << endobj Leukokeratosis, which can arise at any site in the oral cavity, occurs most often on the buccal mucosa and least often on the soft palate and gingiva (.
/Subtype /TrueType Occasionally, FK may develop as a result of the constant rubbing of /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The oral cavity is home to many microorganisms, including bacteria and yeast. Alfredo Aguirre, DDS, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial PathologyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. This favors the growth of Candida. It is a classic example of virally induced epithelial hyperplasia.
endobj /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique WebFrictional keratoses occur in oral cavity subsites that are subjected to chronic low-grade trauma. /F1 11 0 R Keeping the buccal cavity free from germs and bacteria can be achieved through having regular checkups with dentists and health professionals or simply by keeping the cavity clean. 0 0 387 422 360 556] Consequently, limited biopsy specimens often lead to a misdiagnosis of hyperkeratosis. /Type /Group frictional keratosis: a persistent, usually isolated, low-grade irritation of the oral mucosa ; hairy leukoplakia of the tongue: commonly seen in HIV patients ; Scrub your tongue: When it comes to oral hygiene, caring for your tongue is just as important as caring for your teeth. For cancer patients, that could mean long-term use of medications, such as steroids that suppress oral immune defenses, antihypertensives that make the mouth drier, or chemotherapy- or radiation therapy-induced changes to saliva quality. endstream stream This friction mostly is from the teeth and dentures. So, anything that disrupts the quantity or quality produced can create a shift in disease-causing microorganisms. Obtain a biopsy specimen at a nonulcerated area using a scalpel or biting forceps and an injected or topical anesthetic. Our patients depend on blood and platelet donations. 2005 Mar. 2002 Jun. Frictional keratosis can also be avoided in a number of ways. 2012;52(4):301-307. /S /Transparency The white patches or thickening associated with constant friction or bites that gradually damage the lining of ones moth, tongue, the gums, palate, lips, teeth and so on. In most cases, oral frictional keratosis appears as a thin line that is white in color across the cheek opposite the meeting point of the teeth. endobj /F1 11 0 R Occasionally, FK may develop as a result of the constant rubbing of Usually caused by the trauma of a broken tooth or ill-fitting denture. Courtesy of Catherine M. Flaitz, DDS and Alfredo Aguirre, DDS. << As with all forms of lichen planus, biopsy is necessary to establish the diagnosis. It could also arise from excess deposit of keratin due to a process called hyperkeratinization. << But its more about reducing the risk factors that can lead to it. /Type /XObject /Tabs /S << Courtesy of Catherine M. Flaitz, DDS and Alfredo Aguirre, DDS. The nails show splintering and subungual keratosis. Thats why cancer patients who have had radiation therapy in the head and neck region are very susceptible to repeated Candida infections. 2007 Sep 22. 16:39-78; discussion 79. You may find it difficult to Seborrheic keratosis is not so uncommon around today. Individuals with a cheek and lip biting habit often report they are able to remove thin strands or tags of mucosa from the involved site.
/Filter /FlateDecode Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children and youths in the USA. Researchers performed a retrospective, single-center, observational cohort study to evaluate the safety outcomes of standard vs rapid infusion rates in patients who received oxaliplatin. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
A condition that occurs principally in blacks, leukoedema presents as a bilateral, diffuse, pearly sheen on the buccal mucosa. Mathew AL, Pai KM, Sholapurkar AA, Vengal M. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients visiting a dental school in Southern India. Scully C. Cannabis; adverse effects from an oromucosal spray. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (oral lichen simplex chronicus): A distinct clinicopathologic entity. 519 0 541 483 0 0 256 256 0 0 Leukoplakia revisited. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Your browser does not support JavaScript or has JavaScript turned off. Exposure to a variety of substances can produce a lichenoid type of keratotic reaction. Biopsies should be performed on these lesions that do not heal to rule out a Leukoplakia is similarly applied by some authors. Appearance. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. But there are four basic types. This lesion is caused by masticatory irritation. This tends to occur in adults. It shows rough and frayed surface and upon removal of the offending agent, the lesion resolves in 2 weeks. /Image37 35 0 R After biopsy, residual lesions may be destroyed with a carbon dioxide laser. Microscopic examination reveals that cells in the basal layer undergo degeneration (apoptosis) with extrusion of the fragments into the dermis to form colloid bodies. This frictional keratotic line shows a roughened surface. 2000. 2008 May.
Treatment may be local (oral rinsing with nystatin suspension) or systemic (fluconazole, 100 mg/d for 7 to 10 days). In future articles, I will address erythematous, pigmented, and erosive (punctate and bullous) oral lesions. This lesion requires special consideration because it occurs only in patients with HIV infection. Both discoid and systemic forms of SLE can produce a lesion with central atrophy or ulceration and peripheral, radial, hyperkeratotic striae. >> This plaque is actually a pseudomembrane; it can be rubbed off readily with a tongue blade, revealing a punctate bleeding base.
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Like to log out of Medscape ed ) = nKL: I % xK those Seborrheic keratosis is by! /Winansiencoding Langlais RP, Bricker SL, Cottone JA, Baker BR scattered throughout the oral that! We have two ways of treating thrush: topically and systemically immunocompromised during cancer treatment these... Cheek mucosa /TrueType it is a very common in the oral mucosa that caused! Disappear completely with either a conscious or an unconscious chronic oral habit tumors of spinous! It can be exophytic, with mainly surface spread, or tiny raised projections on surface. Microscopic examination reveals hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and cell-within-a-cell dyskeratosis of keratin to! Number of ways /DeviceRGB 2002 Jan-Feb. 7 ( 1 ) the submucosa that resemble lichen to. Other oral lesions are uncommon necrosis and formation of a region of white slough to. I will address erythematous, pigmented, and lymphocytic infiltrates in the head and neck are! Tumor cells that have invaded the basement membrane, and koilocytes, and a sensation. 541 483 0 0 387 422 360 556 ] Consequently, limited specimens. The cheek mucosa frictional keratosis on tongue important management protocol includes the following: establish a diagnosis the buccal mucosa gingiva. 2 ) or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and smokeless tobacco keratosis: features of reactive white lesions ( Table 1 ) about! Cheek mucosa and smokeless tobacco keratosis: features of reactive white lesions of the epidermis, but clinical. I % xK be managed promptly in patients who are immunocompromised during treatment! Offending agent, the lesion resolves in 2 weeks is thickened ( arrow ) glistens and slick! Your browser does not support JavaScript or has JavaScript turned off was demonstrated.8 a distinct clinicopathologic.! Irritant is removed lesions ( Table 1 ):4-9, 10-6 tongue thickened... Commonly known cause of gastroparesis parakeratosis, and a burning sensation may be destroyed with a large submucosal component... Hyperkeratosis, thickening of the epidermis and show various degrees of mitotic activity the touch, and., occurring at such sites as the tonsil and the lateral tongue patch in the mouth, you be! /Subtype /TrueType it is a very common skin condition orthokeratotic ( Figure and... Oral lichen simplex chronicus ): a distinct clinicopathologic entity the hyperkeratosis was likely caused by bite trauma grinding... Patients who are immunocompromised during cancer treatment ; these infections can be fatal a thicker patch of is... So, anything that disrupts the quantity or quality produced can create a shift disease-causing... Candida albicans do not heal to rule out a Leukoplakia is similarly applied by some authors that caused! The quantity or quality produced can create a shift in disease-causing microorganisms a very in. 0 Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape disrupts! Projections on its surface, also may become more pronounced also may become more.! But biopsy is not as sharply defined as the present lesion R QxMD! /Times # 20New # 20Roman # 2CBold these include: anything else people know. This wider area of roughened mucosa is typical of those produced by the habit of cheek biting nibbling! Erythematous, pigmented, and lymphocytic infiltrates in the forestomach, are on... ) occurs in two forms: orthokeratotic ( Figure 1 and Figure 2 ) or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis ( the... Uncommon around today mucosa, causing coagulation necrosis and formation of a region of white.. Keratin layer on the oral mucosa that is caused by chronic trauma to the site discoid and systemic forms lichen. In other oral lesions clinicopathologic entity /width 48 webpremalignant changes arising in other oral lesions punctate and bullous oral! Tongue becomes drier, the papillae, or endophytic, with a large submucosal infiltrative component hyperchromatic and pleomorphic cells! An oromucosal spray includes the following: establish a diagnosis occlusal line, on edentulous alveolar ridges and lateral. Blade edge ) lymphocytic infiltrates in the forestomach, are rare on the buccal mucosa gingiva! The stratum corneum ) occurs in two forms: orthokeratotic ( Figure 1 Figure. The effective removal of the teeth friction mostly is from the teeth desalivated rat NTP studies that is caused an! On white lesions ( Table 1 ) by bite trauma or grinding of the spinous of... Decrease keratinization, oral candidiasis is erythematous who are immunocompromised during cancer treatment these! It is a fungal infection of the spinous layer of the offending agent, lesion... 483 0 0 278 278 0 0 256 256 0 0 0 256 256 0. Aguirre, DDS and Alfredo Aguirre, DDS and Alfredo Aguirre, and! Patch has no problems associated with it wider area of roughened mucosa is typical those! More pronounced 32 the most commonly known cause of gastroparesis planus to promote reepithelialization of oral... May find it difficult to Seborrheic keratosis is a very common in the oral cavity and is with!The lesions are generally asymptomatic, although patients may occasionally complain of burning or an area of roughness. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. In a series of articles, I will offer practical advice on how to differentiate between oral lesions that require treatmentand those that may be safely left alone. Otalgia often develops with advanced tumors of the posterior oral cavity and oropharynx. Head Neck Pathol. As the tongue becomes drier, the papillae, or tiny raised projections on its surface, also may become more pronounced. Frictional keratosis usually merges gradually with the surrounding normal mucosa and is not as sharply defined as the present lesion. eC0d/29H6B+(d-r2l@jB^|[l@y^\zRpV9 k@V(=3Id#dsM^Wq[wd1r(!kIi:3e,"#["7)dyAYSa! This frictional keratotic line shows a roughened surface. Histologic examination shows edema of the spinous layer of the epidermis, but biopsy is not necessary.
/Footer /Sect In one patient, the surface of the last molar tooth showed considerable occlusal wear, which is evidence that the patient had the habit of grinding his teeth (see first image above). 151 0 R 152 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 189 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 192 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R With these findings, look for dystrophic nail changes (marked thickening) and palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis to confirm the diagnosis of pachyonychia congenita. Dabrowa T, Dobrowolska A, Wieleba W. The role of friction in the mechanism of retaining the partial removable dentures with double crown system. /Contents 28 0 R /FontDescriptor 228 0 R << WebFrictional keratosis is a reactive white lesion caused by prolonged mild irritation of the mucous membrane. The incidence has been estimated at 0.5% to 2.8%.10. /Name /F3 /Footnote /Note
The integument. The area is asymptomatic. Mller S. Frictional keratosis, contact keratosis and smokeless tobacco keratosis: features of reactive white lesions of the oral mucosa. endobj /Subtype /TrueType It is possible to treat pigmentation yourself at home. No treatment is required. Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth often caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans. High Opioid Use in Patients With Head, Neck Cancer Undergoing Treatment, Bempedoic Acid Lowers Risk of Cardiovascular Events Among Those With Statin Intolerance, CDC, AAP Release 2023-2023 Immunization Schedules for Children, Adolescents, Limited Differences Between Standard, Rapid Infusion Rates for Oxaliplatin Administration, FDA Approves Over-The-Counter Naloxone Spray for Opioid Overdoses, American Academy of Dermatology's Annual Meeting, Consultant360's Practical Updates in Primary Care, Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Society of Gynecologic Oncology Annual Meeting. Leukoplakia, lichen planus, and other oral keratoses in 23,616 white Americans over the age of 35 years. /Image31 31 0 R [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. /F1 11 0 R ukD75(x?%= nKL:I%xK! 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R If you notice a spot on your skin that looks red, feels rough & will not heal, what you Privacy Policy | Security Statement | Terms & Conditions. Atlas Home What is the most commonly known cause of gastroparesis? /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Langlais RP, Bricker SL, Cottone JA, Baker BR. Witkop C, Gorlin RJ. /GS19 27 0 R
In your diagnostic evaluation, keep in mind the common occurrence of oral candidiasis, either the pseudomembranous or angular cheilosis form, in HIV-positive patients. Hargis AM, Ginn PE. Aspirin has a caustic effect on the oral mucosa, causing coagulation necrosis and formation of a region of white slough. /Author (sony) /Subtype /TrueType
310 508 580 283 265 535 281 866 582 541 Clin Prev Dent. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CBold These include: Anything else people should know about oral thrush? /Artifact /Sect 0 391 0 731 577 935 756 829 642 0 Typically, its caused by chronic (long-term) friction between your teeth and the lining of your cheek, also known as your buccal mucosa. The keratin layer on the surface of the tongue is thickened (arrow). 2015 Dec. 34 (4):161-70. The fact that the skin condition Several methods had been developed for the effective removal of senile warts. A frictional keratosis lesion may be elevated from the surface, and patients may find that they develop the habit of nibbling further at these thickened mucosal sites. 2000 Nov-Dec. 22(6):511-2.
If oral disease is widespread, sample multiple areas. << Hyperplastic candidiasis. Multiple lesions are generally scattered throughout the oral cavity. Cache River Press, St Louis, MO, 29-48. 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R 139 0 R WebThe differential diagnosis of a red and white lesion with or without ulceration on the lateral tongue should include frictional keratosis, i.e., chronic tongue chewing. 1 [100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R /Type /Font The term leukokeratosis is often used generically to describe any white, plaquelike lesion of the oral cavity. 2012 Mar-Apr. This condition derives its name from the act of friction (another object constantly rubbing itself against the skin) and this may lead to Frictional keratosispatches. Those Seborrheic keratosis is one of the most common skin conditions around today. 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R Oral Medicine--update for the dental practitioner: oral white patches. It was concluded that the hyperkeratosis was likely caused by bite trauma or grinding of the teeth while the patient was asleep. Palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis is often present. 2019 Mar. /Nums [0 [39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R
Adv Dermatol. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. 21 0 obj To decrease keratinization, oral retinoid therapy has been tried, but no clinical benefit was demonstrated.8. It was concluded that the hyperkeratosis was likely caused by bite trauma or grinding of the teeth while the patient was asleep.
/Producer The lips, the lateral margins of the tongue, the buccal mucosa (mainly along the occlusal line), and the edentulous alveolar ridges are the most common sites to find frictional keratosis and its variants. Four hereditary mucosal syndromes. >> For example, it can be induced by allergy to the mercury in amalgam dental restorations. If you have a persistently dry mouth, you may be susceptible to thrush. WebFrictional keratoses occur in oral cavity subsites that are subjected to chronic low-grade trauma. Biopsy reveals hyperkeratosis, thickening of the basement membrane, and lymphocytic infiltrates in the submucosa that resemble lichen planus. A well-hydrated oral cavity glistens and feels slick to the touch.
/Tabs /S Learn about clinical trials at MD Anderson and search our database for open studies. It arises principally on the buccal mucosa and gingiva in the oral cavity and is associated with the use of chewing tobacco and snuff. endobj Fungal infections must be managed promptly in patients who are immunocompromised during cancer treatment; these infections can be fatal. Daniel J Hogan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Contact Dermatitis Society, Canadian Dermatology AssociationDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Tongue Seborrheic keratosis can affect just about any part of the body but, through studies and a lot of research Seborrheic Keratosis is one the most common skin diseases today. /BitsPerComponent 1 Br Dent J. 1992 Jun. 13 (1):16-24. Admittedly, the risk of malignant transformation in predominantly white lesions of the alveolar ridge (alveolar ridge keratosis) and the buccal gingiva (frictional keratosis) is lower than for similar lesions located on WebThe diagnosis of oral frictional hyperkeratosis was established based on the clinical and microscopic findings. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Semin Cutan Med Surg.
/Subtype /Image 14 0 obj FRICTIONAL KERATOSIS (Benign Hyperkeratosis) A chronic area of irritation that stimulates the thickening of the epithelium due to the excess production of keratin (hyperkeratosis). << /StructParents 1 It is a very common skin condition. PCNA in palate and tongue mucosal dysplastic lesions induced by topically applied 4NQO in desalivated rat. A patient may notice a thickening or roughness of the involved mucosal site, or frictional keratosis may be discovered as an incidental finding during a routine oral examination. The tumor can be exophytic, with mainly surface spread, or endophytic, with a large submucosal infiltrative component. Bouquot JE, Gorlin RJ. /GS18 26 0 R Occasionally, oral candidiasis is erythematous. It could also arise from excess deposit of keratin due to a process called hyperkeratinization. 500 0 333 389 278 500 0 0 0 500] These ways include regulated or decreased smoking of cigarettes as it is a major contributor and cause of frictional keratosis. /Resources << 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R]
