It claims that the Taiping He had taken refuge in a temple, but some villagers who lived nearby, hoping for a reward, betrayed him, and the imperial cavalry seized him. This was the last act in the bloodiest civil war of all time. It takes the form of a dialogue between Hong Rengan and a deserter from the Manchu camp, with Hong expounding upon various Taiping systems of etiquette and propriety and affirming that one must know that the motion of the celestial body is the order of nature. [citation needed], During the 19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced a series of famines, natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of foreign powers. Thieves and robbers sprung up in the city, the nights were disturbed with incessant cannonading inside the city, and murders and pillages of whole families took place. In addition to the main Taiping forces organised along the above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taiping groups fielding their own forces of irregulars. 
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His theology, anti-Qing sentiments, and a deep pool of the socially discontented would lead to the Taiping Rebellion, a devastating blow to Qing power and the deadliest war of the 19th century. [64], Du Wenxiu, who led the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Ethnically, the Taiping army was at the outset formed largely from these groups: the Hakka, a Han Chinese subgroup; the Cantonese, local residents of Guangdong province; and the Zhuang (a non-Han ethnic group). China--History--Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864--sources A scholar or group of scholars may have spent years or even decades collecting and faithfully transcribing primary sources, and then preparing careful annotations and writing introductory essays to the collection. Investigating Rebellion
Often these revolts were movements that gave people hope for a different
before, the Taipings could promise their followers a totally new What parts of China were most threatened? The smallest characters on the top of the page read: "Newly printed in the xinyou year [1861] of our Father, Brother and King of Celestial Kingdom of Great Peace." As he had never ridden before and had never been subject to alarm or fright it is more than probable that he was cut up. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. Led by Hong, the God- worshippers in rural Guangxi rose in rebellion in 1856 in hopes of creating a new Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo). Their movement is known in English as the Taiping movement (taiping meaning great peace in Chinese). From the age of 8 to 10 I was engaged in study, but at that period I was obliged to assist my father and mother in working for our daily sustenance. The 28,000 words that were left were sent to the Qing Court as the official version of Lis deposition. 
[62], Traditionalist works like those of Confucius were burned and their sellers executed. Taiping wars also spilled over into Vietnam with devastating effects. Li gave a detailed deposition, about 50,000 words long; one of the most important accounts of the Taiping Rebellion. In chapter sixteen, The Killing Spence cites the primary source, The Taiping Rebellion Volumes 1-3, by Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang.
The Yiwang was a student of good family and was well up in both civil and military matters. [51] Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer. unit was Dr. Sue Gronewold, a specialist in modern Both print and microfilm are located on the lower level of the library (see map).
C. A. Curwen, Taiping Rebel: The Deposition of Li Hsiu-ch'eng 1 (1977). Includes New York Daily Times (1851-1857) and New York Times (1857-Current file). 
There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. [104] Both Communist and Chinese Nationalist commanders studied Taiping organization and strategy during the Chinese Civil War. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers. Chesneaux, Jean. Students and those of good sense would not follow him, but only the agricultural labourers and those in distress were willing to join him, and of these latter there was an immense number. document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. WebTaiping Rebellion, (185064) Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China. When the city fell all came round me with tears in their eyes. 
Due to disagreements with Hong Xiuquan, Shi Dakai left the Taiping in 1857. Among the imperial forces was the elite Ever Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a Western officer corps (see Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles Gordon) and supplied by European arms companies like Willoughbe & Ponsonby. The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war in South China; it lasted from 1850 to 1864. 
[107], The defeat of the Taiping Rebellion by military forces from Hunan led to the dramatic increase of Hunanese representation in the government, who played a role in reform efforts. ", "Taipings and Triads: The Role of Religion in Inter-rebel Relations", "The limits of the Shanghai bridgehead: understanding British intervention in the Taiping rebellion 186062", Comparative Studies in Society and History, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&oldid=1147311723, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008, Articles needing additional references from March 2013, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Taiping (Great Peace) Heavenly Kingdom Movement", Taiping armies remain at large until 1871. Very few books were produced in that period, thus publications from that era are rare. On July 19, 1864, after a months-long siege, the city of, It all started in the 1840s, when the God Worshippers, a group of insurgents led by. ,Hyxb P#(uP{P)X=yz9P0`e@rB`VflBi!I4+ 5*'q7"-9_`ik;S,qJBy&qrh&g*7'IDrl7?\A:AR]k U./Qi. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. p. 40, Pelissier, Roger. "[76] The Taiping army was the rebellion's key strength. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Sources, Beginning the Taiping Civil War Website Project. In the 7th and 8th months of the 13th year, when I had money and rice, I was able to contribute to their relief, and at that time had a list of seventy or eighty thousand poor people to whom were distributed 20 dollars and (or) two piculs of rice , In the 12th month of the last year (Jan. 1864) I was obliged to discontinue the distributions, as I was in distress myself and had neither funds nor rice. After two more years, on June 1, 1864, Hong Xiuquan died and Nanking fell barely a month later.
Fujian quan sheng zong tu (General maps of Fujian Province) is a printed edition dating from the Daoguang reign (1820-50) of the Qing dynasty. [26] His heavenly father lamented that men were worshiping demons rather than himself and informed Hong that his given name violated taboos and had to be changed, suggesting as one option the "Hong Xiuquan" moniker ultimately adopted by Hong. Zuo Zongtang from Hunan province was another important Qing general who contributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. [65][66] Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, Li, Bai, and Hani peoples.
He was a brave and courageous man, and one of the best fighting men. Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Hong Tianguifu, who was 15 years old. [62] After the defeat of the Li Yonghe and Lan Chaoding rebellion in Sichuan, remnants combined with Taiping forces in Shaanxi. [73] Due to the religious aspects of the rebellion, the Taiping government perceived Westerners as "brothers and sisters from overseas". WebIn the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return Instead the source was more instructive about Taiping Christianity and advocated unity among its people. The Tianwang was constantly concealed amongst the hills, carrying on his work of reformation, and out of ten families he either made converts of three or five or even eight of them. [63] Remnant forces of the Small Swords Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army. These who served Shangdi could not serve other gods, and those who did serve other gods were guilty of sin . During his captivity Li Xiucheng gave an account of his life as a general of the rebel state. Many of the southern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang. What was striking, however, was the kind of rebellion ; Affairs at Ningpo Admiral Hope Finds Fault with the Rebels Proceedings of the Insurrectionists Distress at Shanghai How Foreigners are to be Protected", "Western colonialism - The Opium Wars | Britannica", "New Chinese Military History, 18391951: What's the Story? [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningbo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. Led by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ, the
The most widely cited sources estimate the total number of deaths during the almost 14 years of the rebellion to be approximately 2030million civilians and soldiers. The Claire and Don Egge Collection on China, 1987-1999, includes English-language newspaper clippings from the People's Republic of China, 1987-1990, which focus on political and economic questions and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The city was each day more closely beleaguered, and this state of affairs went on till the 8th July, when it became evident to us that some demonstration must be made, as the city was then on the point of falling. a special topic guide for researching revolution in China, 1895-1976, https://libguides.uky.edu/china-in-revolution, China, America and the Pacific: Trade and Cultural Exchange, China: Trade, Politics, and Culture, 1793-1980, Travel Writing, Spectacle and World History.
They also outlawed the importation of opium into all Taiping territories. With active mission stations in every continent, the published journals, letters and reports represent a global perspective on not only evangelism and mission history but conflict, colonialism and globalization. The Minister of State was an ordinary labourer by trade.
The Tianwang, after he had entered Nanjing, and established his reigning title reposed solely in heaven and was very scrupulous as to putting confidence in man The destitute and starving males and females were constantly clinging round me to relieve them, and praying me to succour them a request which I had not the means to meet. Zengs cavalry then came in pursuit of us, and I was parted from the Young Lord. rebellion cost more than twenty million lives (twice that of World War Required fields are marked *. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. filling in the chart containing the following: On the horizontal axis: Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources. They entered the city on all sides and our men were unable to check them. 
This caused the Tianwang much anxiety and trouble of mind, and eventually so preyed upon him that on the 30th June he poisoned himself. [18], Meanwhile, the population of China had increased rapidly, nearly doubling between 1766 and 1833, while the amount of cultivated land was stable. If you want to support our website, you might be interested in taking a look at our translations of Chinese literature on Amazon. In May 1860, the Taiping defeated the imperial forces that had been besieging Nanjing since 1853, eliminating them from the region and opening the way for a successful invasion of southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the wealthiest region of the Qing Empire. 
The chief author of this work was He Chunfa, minister of the bureau of punishments in the court of Gan Wang (Shield King), a title bestowed by Hong Xiuquan (1813--64), the Taiping leader, to Hong Rengan (1822--64), one of his cousins. Vol.
Battles broke out throughout the Lower Yangzi, and all counties, with the exception of Shanghai, were occupied for at least 3 months. Southern?
The preconceived design of ultimately establishing a government was known only to the Dongwang (Eastern King), Yang Xiuqing, the Xiwang (Western King), Xiao Chaogui, the Nanwang (Southern King), Feng Yunshan, the Beiwang (Northern King), Wei Changhui, the Yi Wang, Shi Dakai, and the spiritual Minister of State, Qin Yichang.
The conflict arose between the ruling Qing Dynasty and a fanatical group called the Taiping This collection contains formerly restricted British Foreign Office files dealing with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan between 1919 and 1980. Franz H. Michael, wrote that these armies evolved into armies used by local warlords who dominated China after the fall of the Qing dynasty.
Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. [108], Merchants in Shanxi and the Huizhou region of Anhui became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country. Politics, society, (LogOut/ [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. 
Because they introduced ideas never discussed [38], The movement at first grew by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, then suppression by Qing authorities led it to evolve into guerrilla warfare and subsequently a widespread civil war. He was sick for 20 days before succumbing and a few days after his death, Qing forces took the city. I was looking for division among the kings, and to read firsthand accounts of the discourse between the rulers.
[113], While some missionaries like Roberts were enthusiastic in the first few years about the Taiping rebellion, Western skepticism existed from the inception of the rebellion. Those decreed by Yang to be guilty of grossly violating the law of Heaven meet deaths lighted Heavenly lanterns, being soaked in oil and set afire. (Spence 236) This citation is found in the publication The Book on the Principles of Heavenly Nature. In the province of Hunan one Qing loyalist who observed the genocidal massacres which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children were executed by the Taiping forces. It all started in the 1840s, when the God Worshippers, a group of insurgents led by Hong Xiuquan, a political and religious leader who claimed to be a Christian prophet and Jesus brother, began to conquer vast territories in the rich and fertile southern provinces of the empire. Very few Ho Ping-ti.
Combine the information on rebellions with foreign encroachment. Searchable full-text from ProQuest, with keyword searching and date limiting. This piece of literature was written to accomplish a spirit of unity to the Taiping kingdom. 
0. [11], In modern China, the war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, due to the fact that the Taiping espoused a doctrine which was both nationalist and communist, and the Taiping represented a popular ideology which was based on either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. 
It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. [49] Wei's plans were ultimately thwarted and he and Qin were executed by Hong. The work has its original cover and book label, on which the title is given: Qin ding ying jie gui zhen (Heroes return to the truth, issued by imperial order).
No other event devastated China as much in the 19th century as the Taiping (pronounced It was originally set up to be a temporary office for dealing with foreigners, but soon expanded into a permanent outpost.
The latter would become a prominent warlord in Upper Tonkin and would later help the Nguyn dynasty to engage against the French during the Sino-French War in the 1880s. I). I adapted the spelling of the names to the pinyin system, which is the most common romanisation system today.
During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. [116] Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity worse than useless.
The destruction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also meant that the majority of any records it possessed were destroyed, the percentage of records said to have survived is around 10%.
and was delirious for 30 days. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. In May 1862, the Xiang Army began directly besieging Nanjing and managed to hold firm despite numerous attempts by the numerically superior Taiping Army to dislodge them. In terms of deaths, the civil war is comparable to World War I. Quoted in Purcell, Victor. [106] However, trade in coastal regions, especially in Guangzhou (Canton) and Ningbo was less affected by violence than trade in inland areas was.
The following Library of Congress subheadings usually are added to indicate that the material is a primary source: sources, personal narratives, correspondence, Indexes popular American magazines from 1890 to 1982. From its beginning in 1850 until 1864, when it ended, the civil strife caused the death of at least 20 million people. The 1800s
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Franz Michael and Chung-li Chang introduce this publication as the rules and regulations of the Taiping kingdom. As for the actual practice of Christianity in the city, McCartee said "I saw no signs of anything resembling Christianity in or near Nanking". [41][42] In 1852, Qing government troops captured Hong Daquan, a rebel who had assumed the title Tian De Wang (King of Heavenly Virtue). For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war.
Teng, Yuah Chung. CHINA. In the summer of 1862, a Western observer noted that rebel factories in Nanjing were producing superior guns including heavy cannon than the Qing. For example, when the Hakka settled in Guangdong and parts of Guangxi, speakers of Yue Chinese (Cantonese) were already the dominant regional Han group there and they had been so for some time, just as speakers of various dialects of Min are locally dominant in Fujian province. [45][46] The former expedition was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success. There are several online primary source collections available to you. 
The rebels swept through southern China THE AWAKENING OF CHINA: 17931949. In early January 1851, following a small-scale battle in late December 1850, a 10,000-strong rebel army organized by Feng Yunshan and Wei Changhui routed Qing forces stationed in Jintian (present-day Guiping, Guangxi). Anqing was captured in February 1853.
Dingling was destroyed during a Qing campaign in 1868. This project provides a variety of original source material detailing Chinas interaction with the West from Macartneys first embassy to China in 1793 through to the Nixon/Health visits in 1972-74. 
"Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion". The Beiwang was engaged in public business, and was generally acquainted with, The Character of the Heavenly King in the Last Years of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Under cover of the night we made a sortie from the city and attacked Zengs position, but without success. Almost every citizen who had not fled the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was given military training and conscripted into the army to fight against Qing imperial forces. A small selection of material is listed below, for additional sources, please contact archives@pugetsound.edu. Li Xiucheng, the captured Taiping general, was Zengs most precious booty of war. Why was this so? One tactic was to ring a Qing emplacement in fire and kill the fleeing Qing troops as they emerged individually.[77]. The Taiping Rebellion, which is also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
in active transport quizlet. For seven days he was in a trance, and when at the end of that time, he again became conscious, he was much given to peculiar or insane conversation. Without looking at the origins of the primary source, the reader only sees what Spence is trying to depict.
Retrieved from the Library of Congress,
of ideas was very powerful.
The Nanwang was of literary turn of mind and possessed of very good ability. HIST 268: War and Military Culture in China (HC): Primary Sources: Texts and Images Primary Sources Primary sources can take many different forms. It focuses on Chinese history generally and Sino-Western contacts over the last two centuries more specifically. East Asian History Sourcebook. It was Thank you for your support! Coverage: 1832-1953, The publications of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) shed light on key events since the beginning of the 19th century. Hong Daquan's confession claimed that Hong Xiuquan had made him co-sovereign of the Heavenly Kingdom and given him that title, but was more likely an echo of an earlier but unconnected White Lotus Rebellion. It was so severe that parents and children of the opposite sex could not interact, and even married couples were discouraged from having sex.[75]. The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive civil war in Imperial China between 1850 and 1864.
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