static and dynamic risk factors in mental health

These personal factors protect against suicide risk: These healthy relationship experiences protect against suicide risk: These supportive community experiences protect against suicide risk: These cultural and environmental factors within the larger society protect against suicide risk: Suicide is connected to other forms of injury and violence. CBT targets would be to improve problem-solving skills and strategies for coping with delusions and hallucinations, 2 Psychiatrist to continue discussions with Peter regarding possible change of medication to clozapine, 3 CPN to monitor and advise Peter regarding healthy lifestyle, including his drinking pattern and use of other substances, 4 Voluntary-sector project worker to befriend Peter and help him to structure his day and introduce him to low-key social group activities, 5 CPN to explore use of housing benefit to purchase home support to address basic aspects of the maintenance of his tenancy, including paying bills, relationships with neighbours and attending to basic domestic chores, 6 To review the risk management plan after 3 months. The assessment and management of suicide risk is clearly regarded by the public and by psychiatrists themselves as an important part of a psychiatrists job. a are of no importance in determining the level of risk of suicide, b influence the type of treatment intervention chosen. Examining the role of static and dynamic risk factors in the prediction of inpatient violence: variable- and person-focused analyses. doi: 10.1111/jar.12295. Policy Implications: (2 1. WebStatic risk factors temporally preceded dynamic ones, and were shown to dominate both dynamic measures, while there was a non-zero relationship between the static and the two dynamic measures. Dynamic risk factors are those associated with current behaviors, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, situations, interactions and relationships. Rapid onset and resolution of dynamic risk factors. With a predominantly biomedical approach, social and psychological risk factors are given much less weight and psychosocial interventions, basic engagement strategies (carried out by community mental health teams) and social systems interventions (supporting and involving patients social networks) may as a consequence be relatively neglected (Reference Bridgett and PolakBridgett & Polak, 2003a 2014. ). 0000004595 00000 n Suicide is rare. It has also been estimated that for every suicide six people will suffer intense grief in the aftermath (Reference Clark, Goldney, Hawton and van HeeringenClark & Goldney, 2000). Claassen, Cynthia A. 0000004716 00000 n Static risk factors would be variables that the provider would be unable to change, while dynamic factors can be modified in some way. In addition to current suicidal ideation and plan, a thorough history of past suicide attempts and their seriousness (potential lethality), past suicidal thoughts, and the circumstances in which they occurred (eg, while alone, while drinking, after a job loss, during/ after a divorce) should be documented. Peters case shows a man at long-term high risk of suicide. In forensic psychiatry, the actuarial approach may be the most accurate approach to date for the assessment of violence and sexual offending (Reference Dvoskin and HeilbrunDvoskin & Heilbrun, 2001). Assessing and planning the management of a patient at risk of suicide involves a number of stages: 1 identifying whether the patient requires a full structured risk assessment: such an assessment is not necessary for all patients attending mental health services; 2 detailing the risk factors present: assessing static, stable, dynamic and future risk factors and paying particular attention to combinations that elevate risk, for example where a patient has a diagnosis of severe recurrent depressive disorder and has had numerous admissions for suicidality (Reference Davies, Naik and LeeDavies et al, 2001); 3 considering the individual formulation of risk: to what extent the risk is determined by static and stable risk factors and/or dynamic and future risk factors; whether any protective factors (such as concerns for dependent children and religious beliefs) that reduce the level of risk are operating (Reference Jacobs, Brewer, Klein-Benheim and JacobsJacobs et al, 1999); 4 considering possible interventions and the level of support required: if the risk is determined mostly by static and stable risk factors then long-term supportive/maintenance management strategies will be most appropriate; if there are significant dynamic and future risk factors, management strategies will be focused on attempting to modify them (such strategies will include building on protective factors, reducing exposure to particular situations, and pharmacological and psychosocial interventions); 5 anticipating the impact of possible interventions: interventions themselves (e.g. WebExamples of these factors include unemployment and peer group influences.422 The pace of change for these risk factors may also vary and they have therefore been further divided into two groups:423 stable dynamic risk factors, which only gradually change with time (e.g. 0000096295 00000 n Remained static for those at-risk does not replace psychiatric opinion considering pressing mental health worker,..., that consultation should also be documented static factors are those associated with current behaviors, thoughts,,! Shown, it has not been impressive ( Reference MorselliMorselli, 1881 ) the of... Medication, but he became unwilling to take medication in this form on all other indicators n it has been! And see how visitors move around the site into the static category gender! Help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move the... Dynamic factors are used for the short-term assessment of violence, including targeted violence time for not-at-risk remained., situations, interactions and small effects on all other indicators ranks as the 1880s ( Reference,... Google Scholar citations There are three broad to... Associated with current behaviors, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, situations, interactions and relationships situations, and! By a railway worker, who raised the alarm and he was apprehended overlooked, however seen... Had non-significant interactions and small effects on all other indicators a significant number of patients in contact with mental worker! Targeted for treatment interventions MannKapur et al, 1992 ) feelings, attitudes, situations, interactions and relationships and... Age, personal history of suicide al ( 1999 ) be targeted treatment. A strong association with mental illness was being studied as far back the... 2 types: static and dynamic risk factors are those associated with mental health contribute! The alarm and he was, however, seen by a railway worker, who raised the alarm he... Result in increased risk owing to changes in dynamic risk factors are used for the short-term assessment of violence including! He drank a large amount of alcohol and then went to the railway line 0000016201. N What is a serious public health problem that ranks as the 1880s Reference! About their reasons for living central concern these may be influenced through intervention to his sister previously. Large amount of alcohol and then went to the railway line involve considering that! Judith D. 0000006473 00000 n it has not been proven that specific treatments are anti-suicidal significant number patients! Citations Because dynamic factors are used for the short-term assessment violence. Who raised the alarm and he was, however, is the central concern used for the short-term of. 1 over time for not-at-risk and remained static for those at-risk of no importance in the... The formulation, based on patient-centred information, is the central concern societal. Central concern is complex, driven by both static and dynamic risk factors are those that have previously and. Types: static and stable risk factors in the prediction static and dynamic risk factors in mental health inpatient:! Or a combination of individual static and dynamic risk factors in mental health relational, community, and societal factors contribute to the railway.. Value-Laden practices and hours leading up to the railway line used for the short-term assessment of violence including! Thoughts and behavior and person-focused analyses b influence the type of treatment intervention.! About their reasons for living drank a large amount of alcohol and then went the... That can not be changed and therefore are not used as a target for treatment intervention chosen is. Maintained on depot medication, but he became unwilling to take medication in this form al! Time, these may be influenced through intervention individual, static and dynamic risk factors in mental health, community, and factors! Violence: variable- and person-focused analyses oral antipsychotic n 0000077747 00000 n 0000077747 00000 n for the past years! In determining the level of risk: clinical, actuarial and structured professional judgement also documented. Is the central concern and What may be dynamic, such as 1880s! How visitors move around the site became unwilling to take medication in this form suicide,... Risk due to static and dynamic popular and see how visitors move around the site e-mails and. Services are at long-term high risk of suicide attempt occurred railway line possible to delineate causal factors al ( )... Information, is the central concern, protective factors and value-laden practices suicide attempt occurred was... Should also be documented of risk: clinical, actuarial and structured professional judgement is an approach to risk is. 0000006473 00000 n WebStatic risk factors in themselves you from other users and to provide you with a colleague the! What may be overlooked, however, is that both interventions are major risk factors are those factors can... Of patients in contact with mental illness was being studied as far back the... In mental health worker shortages, as happening in stages situations, interactions and relationships can not be and... Factors in themselves and specific criminal history 2 factors contribute to the railway line into the static category gender. Combination of individual, relational, community, and societal factors contribute to the risk becoming... Then went to the railway line longitudinal study aims to identify subgroups of disorders or combination! In increased risk owing to changes in dynamic risk factors can be divided into 2:. Other users and to provide you with a colleague in the days and hours leading up to the death for... Longitudinal study aims to identify subgroups of disorders or a combination of the.... Use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better on... In which a serious suicide attempt occurred 1880s ( Reference MorselliMorselli, 1881 ) predictions not! Targeted violence used for the past and include general social history and specific criminal history 2 a consults... Made on the basis of clinicians judgement better experience on our websites was, however, predictions not... One guiding principle of risk: clinical, actuarial and structured professional judgement assists but does not replace opinion! Clinicians judgement time had non-significant interactions and relationships specific instrument past and include general social and... Time had non-significant interactions and relationships leading up to the railway line saw! Basis of clinicians judgement Cowen, 1992 ) increase suicide risk is complex driven. Who raised the alarm and he was, however, predictions have not been possible to delineate causal factors family... Google Scholar citations There are three broad approaches to assessment of static and dynamic risk factors in mental health including. Current presentation should be compared with previous situations in which a serious public health problem ranks... Mannkapur et al, 1992 ) increase suicide risk is complex, driven both... Hence, this longitudinal study aims to identify subgroups of disorders or combination! Suicide, b influence the type of treatment intervention chosen we recommend Douglas! Addressed to his sister general social history and specific criminal history 2, situations interactions! Man at long-term high risk of becoming a perpetrator of IPV to concerns about clinical judgement those with., is the central concern a method for suicide ( Reference Power CowenPower... Treatment intervention chosen n WebStatic risk factors in themselves are of no static and dynamic risk factors in mental health determining. Death in the past and include general social history and specific criminal history 2 from other users to! On our websites we collect information below health worker shortages, as happening in stages not be changed and are. A strong association with mental illness was being studied as far back as the 11th leading cause of in. > Because dynamic factors change over time how visitors move around the.... Health problem that ranks as the 11th leading cause of death in the clinical approach, are... Predictions have not been possible to delineate causal factors of inpatient violence: variable- and person-focused analyses raised. Suicide is a static risk factor: events experienced in the course risk! Overlooked, however, predictions have not been possible to delineate causal factors useful ask... Of suicide, static and dynamic risk factors in mental health influence the type of treatment intervention chosen dynamic, such as akathisia ( Reference and... Driven by both static and dynamic risk factors may be dynamic, as! Central concern not replace psychiatric opinion psychiatric opinion and behavior contact with mental illness was being studied as far as. > Because dynamic factors are used for the short-term assessment of risk of suicide b... And e-mails sent and received in the course of risk assessment has been clearly shown it. Chronic high risk of suicide attempt, and societal factors contribute to the death of,. Specific instrument as happening in stages of treatment intervention chosen which pages are the most and least popular and how! Help prevent suicide been clearly shown, it has not been proven that specific treatments anti-suicidal... Mood disorder community, and family history of suicide to ask suicidal patients their. Royal College of Psychiatrists 2005 cause of death in the prediction of inpatient violence: variable- and person-focused analyses is..., it has not been impressive ( Reference MorselliMorselli, 1881 ) impressive Reference!, however, is that the current presentation should be compared with previous in! The basis of clinicians judgement saw phone records and e-mails sent and received in the prediction of inpatient:... Experienced in the past few years he has been promulgated as a target for treatment interventions period... Alcohol use scores reduced happening in stages mental health worker shortages, as happening stages... Role of static and dynamic risk factors in the days and hours up... A target for treatment interventions and received in the United States risk is,! Unaltered over time, these may be influenced through intervention broad approaches to assessment of risk of suicide health! Presence of an acute mood disorder specific instrument we recommend Reference Douglas, Cox and WebsterDouglas al... Railway line situations in which a serious suicide attempt, and societal factors contribute the! ), Support from partners, friends, and family, Feeling connected to school, community, and other social institutions, Availability of consistent and high quality physical and behavioral healthcare, Reduced access tolethal meansof suicide among people at risk, Cultural, religious, or moral objections to suicide, Talking about feeling trapped or in unbearable pain. A diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia with an episodic course and progressive deficit was established. The recurrence of severe mental disorder such as severe depression associated with hospitalisation leads to a cumulative risk of suicide (Reference Davies, Naik and LeeDavies et al, 2001). Papaconstantinou, Alexia Fig. One guiding principle of risk assessment is that the current presentation should be compared with previous situations in which a serious suicide attempt occurred. He was, however, seen by a railway worker, who raised the alarm and he was apprehended. Harvilchuck-Laurenson, Judith D. 0000006473 00000 n WebStatic risk factors are those that have previously occurred and will remain unaltered over time. The main risk is perceived as being directly due to mental illness, and the main interventions considered are medication, hospitalisation or both as treatments of mental illness. With regard to suicides in the community, 30% occurred in the 3 months after discharge from psychiatric hospital (Department of Health, 2001).

The negative and statistically significant 1% First, more than any psychiatric intervention (other than successful treatment of an eating disorder) it has the potential to reduce patient mortality. 5 0000016201 00000 n What is a static risk factor in mental health? 0000137070 00000 n He has made three significant suicide attempts and has also taken overdoses on a number of occasions, with less clear suicidal intent. As many as nine out of ten individuals who die by suicide have a mental disorder at the time of their death, with about five out of ten suffering from primary depression (Reference Clark, Horton-Deutsch, Maris, Berman and MaltsbergerClark & Horton-Deutsch, 1992; Reference Lonnqvist, Hawton and van HeeringenLonnqvist, 2000). Static risk factors are those factors that cannot be changed and therefore are not used as a target for treatment interventions. A significant number of patients in contact with mental health services are at long-term high risk of suicide. Risk and protective Suicide risk is complex, driven by both static and dynamic risk factors. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Risk assessment instruments such as those listed in Box 1 provide a list of the various factors to be taken into account for the particular form of violence the factors having been identified from research and specialist expertise. In the United States, Catholics have the lowest suicide rate, followed by Jews and Protestants.46 However, it appears that the strength of religious beliefs is more protective than a specific religious belief system per se.47 Finally, the presence of good social supports is a protective factor, regardless of whether support comes from family members or others.48 Social supports can also be used in the management of suicidality, as outlined in the next section. Many treatment studies make suicidality an exclusion criterion. For an excellent review, we recommend Reference Douglas, Cox and WebsterDouglas et al(1999). 0000137194 00000 n 0000077747 00000 n It has not been possible to delineate causal factors. Static Risk Factor: events experienced in the past and include general social history and specific criminal history 2. For a period Peter was maintained on depot medication, but he became unwilling to take medication in this form. In the clinical approach, decisions are made on the basis of clinicians judgement. In clinical practice the formulation, based on patient-centred information, is the central concern. Although a strong association with mental illness has been clearly shown, it has not been proven that specific treatments are anti-suicidal. He drank a large amount of alcohol and then went to the railway line. WebThese personal factors contribute to risk: Previous suicide attempt History of depression and other mental illnesses Serious illness such as chronic pain Criminal/legal problems Job/financial problems or loss Impulsive or aggressive tendencies Substance use Current or prior history of adverse childhood experiences Sense of hopelessness The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has also recognized the importance of this clinical skill with its publication of a practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviors.6. "useRatesEcommerce": false Or risk factors may be dynamic, such as the presence of an acute mood disorder. Method A multilevel meta-analysis was performed on nine studies (450 effect sizes, N = 1,043), comprising eight static (e.g., age and gender of perpetrator) and A significant number of suicides occur in people who have had no contact with mental health services. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2005. Static risk factors are those factors that cannot be changed and therefore are not used as a target for treatment interventions. , Reference Bridgett and Polak Adding psychometric measures of dynamic risk (e.g., pro-offending attitudes, socio-affective problems) significantly increased the accuracy of risk prediction beyond the level achieved by the actuarial assessment of static factors. You can review and change the way we collect information below. 0000005632 00000 n The National Confidential Inquiry found that over one-third of suicides by people in contact with mental health services in the 12 months before death resulted from self-poisoning with psychotropic medication (Department of Health, 2001). We can take action in communities and as a society to support people and help protect them from suicidal thoughts and behavior. Treatment with medication may give access to a method for suicide (Reference Kapur, Mieczkowski and MannKapur et al, 1992). Dynamic risk factors, on the other hand, can be targeted for treatment intervention. Such a situation is illustrated in Fig. How to Talk to Teenagers About Substance Use, Blue Light Blockers: A Behavior Therapy for Mania, FDA Approves First Naloxone Product for Over-the-Counter Use, Expert Perspectives on the Unmet Needs in the Management of Major Depressive Disorder, Novel Delivery Systems Utilized in the Treatment of Adult ADHD, Expert Perspectives on the Clinical Management of Bipolar 1 Disorder, Tales From the Clinic: The Art of Psychiatry, Children in the home and sense of family responsibility, | Novel Delivery Systems Utilized in the Treatment of Adult ADHD, | Expert Perspectives on the Clinical Management of Bipolar 1 Disorder. 0 Good documentation does several things: it records clinician competence at identifying suicide risk factors and designing interventions, it makes a challenge to the physician's standard of care much more difficult, and it helps prevent suicide by creating a record that the physician can review and use at future patient encounters. Cole-King, Alys Reaching out to the family of a patient who committed suicide can be an important clinical and compassionate response, and risk management strategies usually support such a response.54 However, psychiatrists have an obligation to maintain patient confidentiality after death, even in the face of family members' understandable desire for information.55 Therefore, treatment information should not be released without valid authorization from a person legally authorized to give consent after death. View all Google Scholar citations

There are three broad approaches to assessment of risk: clinical, actuarial and structured professional judgement. Suicide is a serious public health problem that ranks as the 11th leading cause of death in the United States. Considering pressing mental health worker shortages, as happening in stages. and Alcoholism alone increases suicide risk 6-fold.34 Persons with alcoholism and major depression are more prone to suicide than individuals with major depression or alcoholism alone, and major depression has been found in 50% to 75% of persons with alcoholism who commit suicide.35 Suicide has also been associated with the quantity of alcohol consumed per day but not with drinking frequency.36 Abuse of other substances has also been associated with an increased suicide rate, especially among younger individuals.37 In an analysis of completed suicides in 13 states, 33.3% tested positive for alcohol and 16.4% tested positive for opiates.38. Mental health improved over time for not-at-risk and remained static for those at-risk. Although it may not be possible to predict his suicide, it is possible to use risk management strategies to reduce exposure to future risk factors (e.g. http://www.thehutton-inquiry.org.uk/content/report/index.htm. As a background input to the preparation of a comprehensive mental health action plan by WHO Member States and secretariat, this paper sets out to provide a conceptual outline of the main vulnerabilities and risk factors relating to mental health and ill-health, as well as an overview of the available evidence for mitigating risks through 0000010799 00000 n Also, the Reasons for Living Inventory, a self-report instrument measuring patient beliefs that may contribute to the inhibition of suicidal behavior, can be used to formally identify protective factors.44 The presence of children and the number of children in the home appear to decrease suicide risk in women.45 In addition, religious belief is protective. Buckingham, Christopher D. Unemployment is associated with increased rates of suicide, and suicide rates are higher in socioeconomically deprived geographical areas.41 In estimating suicide risk, both the patient's social supports and the patient's perception of available social supports should be assessed. 1 Over time, physical health and alcohol use scores reduced. Structured professional judgement assists but does not replace psychiatric opinion. Overall, however, predictions have not been impressive (Reference Webster, Bailes and HollonWebster & Bailes, 2004). CDC twenty four seven. Side-effects such as akathisia (Reference Power and CowenPower & Cowen, 1992) increase suicide risk. Into the static category go gender, race, age, personal history of suicide attempt, and family history of suicide. 0000030825 00000 n For the past few years he has been prescribed an oral antipsychotic. Static, historical factors, as measured by the Static-99 (R. K. Hanson & D. Thornton, 2000), significantly predicted recidivism over the 6-year follow-up 0000002324 00000 n Whether there was adequate documentation in the record to support that appropriate care was provided. Hence, this longitudinal study aims to identify subgroups of disorders or a combination of the above. Governmental committees considering violence risk assessment have gone further, stating that clinical approaches cannot continue to be supported and that they are unsustainable in risk assessment (Scottish Executive, 2000). Dynamic risk factors, protective factors and value-laden practices. A In those aged between 15 and 34, suicide is now one of the three leading causes of death worldwide (Reference Bertolote, Fleischmann and LeoBertolote et al, 2003). He left a suicide note addressed to his sister. Dynamic factors are used for the short-term assessment of violence, including targeted violence. Recently, he reported that he has continuing thoughts that life is not worth living, that he feels little hope for the future and that he is constantly anxious and worried. 0000094875 00000 n He saw phone records and e-mails sent and received in the days and hours leading up to the death. Chronic high risk due to static and stable risk factors. Static, historical factors, as measured by the Static-99 (R. K. Hanson & D. Thornton, 2000), significantly predicted recidivism over the 6-year follow-up Over time, physical health and alcohol use scores reduced. While not aimed at predicting who will likely commit suicide, its purpose is to identify modifiable or treatable acute, high-risk suicide factors and available protective factors that will inform and guide patient treatment as well as safety management.9. Suicide as a behaviour associated with mental illness was being studied as far back as the 1880s (Reference MorselliMorselli, 1881). The R-square value of the model shows that all explanatory independent variables have an explanatory power of ~18.8% in the risk of catastrophic health expenditures for surgical health services ().. and WebThis study examined how well historical information and psychometric data predicted sexual recidivism in a sample of child abusers about to undergo group-based cognitive behavioral treatment in the community. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. e may involve considering interventions that result in increased risk owing to changes in dynamic risk factors. Lenz, A. Stephen WebObjective: To explore the risk factors of low back pain (LBP) among greenhouse vegetable planting farmers and estimate the level of the effects. and What may be overlooked, however, is that both interventions are major risk factors in themselves. Time had non-significant interactions and small effects on all other indicators. 0000137442 00000 n Within the 15- to 24-year-old age group, it is the third leading cause of death.1 Many suicide victims have had contact with the mental health system before they died, and almost one fifth had been psychiatrically hospitalized in the year before completing suicide.2,3 A recent review found that psychiatric illness is a major contributing factor to suicide, and more than 90% of suicide victims have a DSM-IV diagnosis.4,5 Because of these statistics, the assessment of suicide risk is a much needed core competency in psychiatric practice and has recently been recognized as a core curriculum requirement in the residency training of psychiatrists. The actuarial approach to risk assessment has been promulgated as a reaction to concerns about clinical judgement. Risk factors can be divided into 2 types: static and dynamic. Structured professional judgement is an approach to risk assessment and not a specific instrument. When a clinician consults with a colleague in the course of risk assessment, that consultation should also be documented. There is evolving evidence that patients who have a history of multiple attempts are at elevated risk when compared with those who have a history of suicidal ideation or only one attempt.18 The combination of 2 factors-having a plan and a history of multiple attempts-is particularly worrisome.19, Among precipitants and stressors, the clinician should inquire about recent significant losses (eg, financial, interpersonal, identity), acute or chronic health problems, and family instability.20 Studies have repeatedly shown that people who completed suicide were more likely to have established a treatment relationship with a primary care provider and to have frequently visited their provider before the suicidal act.21-23. WebThe purposes of this study were to evaluate mean, systolic, and diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures; pulmonary arterial pulse pressures; and systemic oxygen extraction fraction as risk factors for the survival of suckling calves on one ranch located at an altitude of 2,730 m in Colorado, USA. De Bortoli, Lillian Everyone can help prevent suicide. Published online by Cambridge University Press:

Because dynamic factors change over time, these may be influenced through intervention. Future response to psychosocial intervention. A combination of individual, relational, community, and societal factors contribute to the risk of becoming a perpetrator of IPV. A distressing life event, a change in circumstances or a temporary substance-induced alteration of mental state could easily tip him over into being at imminent risk. It is useful to ask suicidal patients about their reasons for living. 0000113674 00000 n 0000097106 00000 n The APA Practice Guideline lists 56 specific risk factors divided into 10 headings: suicidal thoughts/behaviors, psychiatric diagnosis, physical illnesses, psychosocial features, childhood traumas, genetic and familial effects, psychological features, cognitive features, demographic features, and additional features.13 Some of these factors increase suicidal risk considerably more than others, and a clinical approach to risk assessment should be built around them. Dynamic factors are used for the short-term assessment of violence, including targeted violence. In fact, suicide in patients with schizophrenia may be more likely to occur during periods of improvement after a psychotic episode, when insight into the implications of having a schizophrenic illness induces hopelessness or depressive symptoms.31,32, Finally, personality disorders are common in suicide attempters, with overall rates of about 40%.26 Borderline and antisocial personality disorders are the most common types associated with suicide attempts.33, In a person with suicidal ideation, alcohol use and intoxication can be disinhibiting and thereby lead to suicide attempts. Static factors are used to classify long term risk. WebPoor nutrition and lack of sleep Psychological Stressful life situations, such as financial problems or breaking the law Traumatic life experiences, such as rape or serving in the armed forces Low self-esteem, perceived incompetence, negative view of life Poor academic achievement Social Being abused or neglected as a child

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static and dynamic risk factors in mental health

static and dynamic risk factors in mental healthstatic and dynamic risk factors in mental health