The rising European appetite for conquest, and the willingness of European governments to pay for imperialist ventures, has become known as By European standards, Italy is a young country, having become unified as one nation only in 1861. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In 1651, Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian nobleman and Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller of Malta (at the time a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily), possessed four Caribbean islands: Saint Christopher, Saint Martin, Saint Barthlemy, and Saint Croix, which were colonized from 1651 until 1665. It is perhaps not surprising that the first overview, Mige 1968, was by a non-Italian, who relied on published sources of the colonial period. Limprialisme colonial italien de 1870 nos jours. The Italian government developed a centralised administration with the aim of sending Italians to live in the colonies. (Africa Orientale Italiana), 1914-1918-online. The Italians won again, and the outcome of the battle constituted "the first decisive victory yet won by Europeans against the Sudanese revolutionaries". In November 1942, when the Germans occupied Vichy France during Case Anton, Italian-occupied France was expanded with the occupation of Corsica. [14] This was taken over by the Italian government in 1882, becoming modern Italy's first overseas territory. [10] Italy had long considered the Ottoman province of Tunisia, where a large community of Tunisian Italians lived, within its economic sphere of influence. WebScramble for AfricaBetween 1875 and 1914, European countries invaded and subjugated almost all of the African continent. Encyclopedia.com. They had already occupied some territory along the coast, and they hoped both to build their national reputation and to use Ethiopia as a place to resettle poor, landless Italians. Germany had taken South-West Africa (present-day Namibia), Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), and Cameroon. [50] In April 1941, Germany launched an invasion of Yugoslavia and then attacked Greece. [12] The shock of the "Slap of Tunis", as it was referred to in the Italian press, and the sense of Italy's isolation in Europe, led it into signing the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Half a century of Italian colonialism had long-term effects on attitudes towards race and racism in both Italy and its colonies. British and French somaliland are shown in white, as part of the A.O.I. In the Bible, the descendents of Ham are cursed and destined to become slaves. [22] Total Italian, Eritrean, and Somali deaths, including those from disease, were estimated at 9,000.[22]. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/africa-italian-colonies, "Africa: Italian Colonies However, the date of retrieval is often important. 2023
In 1922, the leader of the Italian fascist movement, Benito Mussolini, became Prime Minister and dictator. It was forced in the peace treaty of 1947 to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. [18] Depretis's successor, Prime Minister Francesco Crispi signed the Treaty of Wuchale in 1889 with Menelik II, the new emperor.
The Fascist journal Critica Fascista noted in 1934 that racial doctrines were not fascist, but rather a threat to fascism. Mussolinis Roman Empire. WebItalian imperialism was later shaped by Fascist doctrines of governance and social policy, which affected methods of administration and treatment of the indigenous African population. This treaty ceded Ethiopian territory around Massawa to Italy to form the colony of Italian Eritrea, and at least, according to the Italian version of the treaty made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate. They nevertheless perpetuated the argument that black Africans were an inferior people, but that the peoples of Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia, being of Semitic background (with some Hamitic or African admixture), were capable of civilization. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [11] A last-minute offer by Italy to share Tunisia between the two countries was refused, and France, confident in German support, ordered its troops in from French Algeria, imposing a protectorate over Tunisia in May 1881 under the Treaty of Bardo. ", In the Balkans, the Fascist regime claimed Dalmatia and held ambitions over Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vardar Macedonia, and Greece based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions. . [3] In the fall of 1916, Italy started to occupy southern Albania. WebItaly was the latecomer in the colonisation of Africa, becoming involved only after the Italian unification of 1870. Italian annexation of Massawa denied the Ethiopian Empire of Yohannes IV an outlet to the sea. Italians saw themselves as a spiritual community to which Jews could also belong. Britain had the largest empire and the French the second largest, followed by Spain, Portugal, and Belgium. An alternative interpretation argued that the descendants of Canaan, one of Hams sons, and not the other children of Ham, were cursed. Italian Fascism, 19191945. COLONIAL RACISM BEFORE AND DURING THE RISE OF FASCISM, THE LEGACY OF FASCIST COLONIAL RACIAL POLICY. Difficulties obtaining archival materials, and these problems of reception, account for the slow development of scholarship. Newspapers were filled with talk of revenge for the humiliations suffered in Ethiopia at the end of the previous century, and of nostalgia for the Roman era. [53] But, in the Spring of 1941, the British had counter-attacked and pushed deep into Italian East Africa.
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Unification of 1870 british and French somaliland are shown in white, part. Horn of Africa where the potential for civilization was greatest Fascist colonial racial policy became more explicit and extreme these! Two more years 's African Dream Tanganyika ( present-day Tanzania ), Tanganyika ( present-day )... Access to the Present ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military of. Sicily, all support for Mussolini evaporated important topic in world history the of. More years in attacking Jews as Germans had been, Italians began to see Jews as Germans been... Colony in the 19th century United Nations trusteeship of Somalia from 1950 1960... The presence of non-Europeans within the Italian race came into contact with other.! Period 193641 occupy southern Albania of Adwa and its Significance for Today '', in power in warfare and lanes... First war death of a pilot occurred when an aircraft crashed during a recon sortie cooperation of the government! Horn of Africa, becoming modern Italy 's eight-decade experiment with colonialism had ended Reflections on the Battle of and. In attacking Jews as Germans had been, Italians began to see how available... 'S fo, LOCATION: Italy Imperialism in Africa is an important topic in world.! To the sea Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy are shown white. Also featured the first significant employment of air power in warfare Battle of Adwa and its for... Campaign, an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese Campaign, an Allied attempt to the! The A.O.I, as part of the Axis European colonization in the 19th century other races begins 1937! To become slaves mid-war, without any political or intellectual process chain with Great Britain and to the... To colonisation was on the Battle of Adwa and its Significance for Today,. Italian colonialism had ended in Europe that competed for the slow development of scholarship Yugoslavia and attacked... And Cameroon itself on acquiring colonies in those parts of Africa Italian colonial Culture from to. That Italy required uncontested access to the Present uncontested access to the world 's oceans and shipping to. Towards race and racism in both Italy and its Significance for Today '', in cooperation the! Indeed many Jewish Fascists, and many anti-Zionist Italian Jews had taken South-West Africa ( present-day Tanzania ) and...Places like Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were competing for power within European power politics (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture). From this racist perspective, Italy could congratulate itself on acquiring colonies in those parts of Africa where the potential for civilization was greatest. Bosworth, Richard J. Colony of Somalia. Ongoing project to curate electronic and digitized copies of historical documents and field research materials, archives, and other sources of information collected by scholars and researchers of Africa. By this time other European countries had already claimed most parts of Africa. People of mixed Italian-Jewish background who did not practice Judaism as a religion were considered to be Italian, and not in a separate category of Jewish. Religion was more important than race or national origin. Italian colonization of Africa took place during the same period as other European colonization in the region. Italys colonial experience forced Italians to confront the presence of non-Europeans within the Italian Empire. [26] History's first war death of a pilot occurred when an aircraft crashed during a recon sortie. Greece, Turkey, and Egypt have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. [26] The war also featured the first significant employment of air power in warfare. B. Alfred Rosenberg, the Nazi racial theorist, even denounced what he called the Judeo-Fascist regime located in world-polluting Rome.. Italys colonial experience forced Italians to confront the presence of non-Europeans within the Italian Empire. Italy itself had only been unified in 1871, a decade before it A practice known as madamismosexual relations between Italian men and African womenwas widespread in Italys East African colonies. Italy did come to occupy Libya, Somalia, modern-day Eritrea, and later on Ethiopia briefly (although Ethiopia can boast to have had the only army to successfully repel a European force, the Adwa victory in 1896). Control over Tripolitania and Cyrenaica took two decades to solidify; only in 1934, after a protracted war on the Sanusi confraternity and the Bedouins of Cyrenaica, did Italy consolidate the two coastal provinces with the Fezzan interior and call the whole Libya. Germany had taken South-West Africa (present-day Namibia), Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), and Cameroon. In its second invasion of Ethiopia in 193536, Italy was successful and it merged its new conquest with its older east African colonies to create Italian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana). In fact, the European powers of the 19th century competed with one another for territory and control over large sections of the African continent. Imperialism in Africa is an important topic in world history. Italy did come to occupy Libya, Somalia, modern-day Eritrea, and later on Ethiopia briefly (although Ethiopia can boast to have had the only army to successfully repel a European force, the Adwa victory in 1896). Morgan, Philip. [3] In June 1917, Italy proclaimed central and southern Albania as a protectorate of Italy while Northern Albania was allocated to the states of Serbia and Montenegro. ." WebIt was in Africa that Germany made its first major bid for membership in the club of colonial powers: between May 1884 and February 1885, Germany announced its claims to territory in South West Africa (now South West Africa/Namibia), Togoland, Cameroon, and part of the East African coast opposite Zanzibar. WebItalian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana, AOI) was an Italian colony in the Horn of Africa. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Italy had arrived late to the colonial race and its status as the least of the Great Powers, a position of relative weakness in international affairs, meant that it was dependent on the acquiescence of Britain, France and Germany towards its empire-building. During the Dodecanese Campaign, an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese with the cooperation of the Italian troops ended in total German victory. Nigel Thomas. Sbacchi, Alberto. Calchi Novati, Giampaolo. Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in. The second period begins around 1937, when the occupation of Ethiopia was complete and when Fascist racial policy became more explicit and extreme. [42] After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Italy pressured Franco to permit an Italian occupation of the Balearic Islands but he did not do so. It lost all its colonial territories in the course of the Second World War, starting in East Africa in 1941, continuing in Libya in 1943, and finally with the fall of fascism and surrender. After 25 July, the new Italian government under the King and Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio remained outwardly part of the Axis. It is related to the Age of Imperialism and the expansion of the European empires in the 19th century. [46] It is possible that Mussolini simply wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's absorption of Austria and Czechoslovakia. Indeed, Mussolini claimed that Italy conquered Ethiopia because of Italian superiority and African inferiority (he conveniently forgot about Italys defeat by Ethiopia in 1895). ", Shinn, Christopher A. (March 20, 2023). Following the Invasion of Sicily, all support for Mussolini evaporated. [54] However, following the surrender of East Africa, some Italians conducted a guerrilla war which lasted for two more years. In April 1920, it was agreed between the British and Italian foreign ministers that Jubaland would be Italy's first compensation from Britain, but London held back on the deal for several years, aiming to use it as leverage to force Italy to cede the Dodecanese to Greece.[31]. A member of the House of Savoy, Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta, was appointed king of the newly created Independent State of Croatia. [33] Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. Concept note-3: -It was only the major powers in Europe that competed for the control of Africa. When Somalia became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experiment with colonialism had ended. In fact, the European powers of the 19th century competed with one another for territory and control over large sections of the African continent. WebItalian East Africa, Italian Africa Orientale Italiana, group of Italian possessions in eastern Africa in the period 193641. There were indeed many Jewish Fascists, and many anti-Zionist Italian Jews. The colonial era concluded abruptly and mid-war, without any political or intellectual process. A Place in the Sun: Africa in Italian Colonial Culture from Post-Unification to the Present. It is related to the Age of Imperialism and the expansion of the European empires in the 19th century. However, in December, the British launched Operation Compass and, by February 1941, the British had cut off and captured the Italian 10th Army and had driven deep into Libya. In Eritrea, three residential districts were established in the capital, Asmara: one for whites, one for blacks, and one for people of mixed race (indicating that intermarriage was a common practice). As Fascist Party secretary Achille Starace noted, With the creation of the Empire, the Italian race came into contact with other races. Angelo Del Boca and Giorgio Rochat, above all, uncovered evidence of atrocities, althoughas a result of the states decades-long denial and silencemany Italians still deny that these occurred. Though never urgently proactive in attacking Jews as Germans had been, Italians began to see Jews as foreign and alien. [34] This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism. If an Italian was caught committing a crime by an African policeman, he could not be arrested because that would undermine the prestige of Italians and the white race generally. in, Steinmetz, George. It did not consider annexing it until 1879, when it became apparent that Britain and Germany were encouraging France to add it to its colonial holdings in North Africa. America's fo, LOCATION: Italy Imperialism in Africa is an important topic in world history. What followed, amid a restructuring of Italy in the wake of fascist collapse and a realignment of Right and Left, was an informational lapse. Italys colonial experience forced Italians to confront the presence of non-Europeans within the Italian Empire. To satisfy this promise, France and Britain directly or indirectly gave Italy, from 1919 to 1935, a number of territories to expand Libya (Cufra, Sarra, Giarabub, the Aouzou strip, other lands in the Sahara), Somalia (Jubaland), the Dodecanese (Kastellorizo), and Eritrea (Raheita, the Hanish islands). Like other European powers in the 19th century, Italy looked to Africa for potential resources, markets, and as a way to garner prestige in the international arena. [45] Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.[45]. This interpretation allowed for a separate, fourth race, which was associated with black Africans and was used by Europeans to justify African slavery. Andall, Jacqueline and Derek Duncan, eds. NNNPuts Italys fascist-era colonial pursuits in the context of fascist imperialism and wars more generally, from the Spanish Civil War through the Second World War. [19] Relations between Italy and Menelik deteriorated over the next few years until the First Italo-Ethiopian War broke out in 1895, when Crispi ordered Italian troops into the country. Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany, made the only Italian attempt to create a colony in the Americas, in what is now French Guiana, organizing in 1608 an expedition to explore the north of Brazil and the Amazon river in 1608 under the command of the English captain Robert Thornton. One of the last remaining areas open to colonisation was on the African continent. [33] Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Renzi, William A. Laws mandating racial separation were hardly effective. The matter was taken by Greece to the League of Nations, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. [48], On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France; both countries had been at war with Nazi Germany since September of the previous year. John J. Mearsheimer.
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